Identification And Identification Of Fingerprint Scanners

Our idea Fingerprint scanners have been used in movies such as action and various other types for years, but until recent times, they were unheard of technology in the real world. In the past few years, however, scanners have been introduced into almost the whole society for example in police stations, high-security buildings and even on PC keyboards. Fingerprints are a unique identification of all individuals, even identical twins whose two prints may look exactly the same, a fingerprint scanner can find the differences between certain finger prints. Fingerprint scanning into encryption- this method of introducing fingerprints to unlock the key for personal secured information rather than using passwords is a lot safer because it is†¦show more content†¦Introducing finger print scanning instead of credit cards- replace using credit cards with finger print scanners at all ATM machines and banks, this would be much safer because there is no risk in anyone taking card details and pins therefore reduces the risk of fraud and will save banks a lot of money from having to pay back to those who have been affected from fraud. Year by year card fraud and database hacking is increasing. The main reason being the outdated method of using a card and PIN. Therefore to counteract the information being stolen so easily, this project introduces the idea of integrating Fingerprint Technology into the Banking system. This can be achieved by each bank having its own encryption algorithms for fingerprints unique to its customers and thereaf ter update ATM machines with attaching fingerprint scanners to them. Fingerprint scanning has recently been introduced into technology, for example iPhone now have a fingerprint detector to unlock the iPhone instead of using a pin, and this only gives the owner of the phone authority to access the information within the phone. Also fingerprint scanning has been used in fast food chains for example Chicago’s fast food restaurant has an ordering system which uses fingerprints to determine customer’s orders. Governments use finger print scanning in many ways one of which is for passport verification in airports. Research shows that more than half (62%) of

The Effects of Stereotype Threats Free Essays

Stereotype threat theory functions in a social environment in which a person is negatively stereotyped which creates a reaction of tenseness, indecision, uneasiness and distress on the person the stereotype was intended for. This distress comes from the understanding that one’s actions may possibly corroborate a negative stereotype which frequently results in confirmation or verification of the stereotype.The hypothesis that all three articles stereotype threats affects psychological processes that creates a situational pressure that depresses performance in an assortment of situations and settings for example on standardized test performance, sports performance, female math performance, compared to people who are not affected by Stereotype threat. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Stereotype Threats or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article â€Å"The Effects of Stereotype Threat on Standardized Mathematics Test Performance and Cognitive Processing† demonstrates that stereotype threat depresses performance on standardized tests in which results in an invalid method of assessment. The article â€Å"Stereotype endorsement and perceived ability as mediators of the girls gender orientation–soccer performance relationship† demonstrates that stereotype effect affects psychological processes that depress performance in sports. The Effects of Stereotype Threats A schema is a mental framework that assists in organizing and categorizing information about an individual’s social environment. Schemas are associations that are used to assist people in differentiating, judging and retaining processed information which as a result creates mental shortcuts.Schemas are used to explain behavior about certain ethnic groups, genders and social economic statuses. In this case schemas are referred to as a stereotype which are overgeneralizations about characteristics and traits that are generalized to explain the behavior of every person in a particular people group. Stereotypes create stereotype threats that cause negative consequences for individuals that are in the group the stereotype is directed toward.Stereotype threats affects psychological processes that creates a situational pressure that depresses performance in an assortment of situations and settings for example on standardized test performance, sports performance, female math performance, female sports performance compared to people who are not affected by Stereotype threat. Stereotype threat theory functions in a social environment in which a person is negatively stereotyped which creates a reaction of nervousness, indecision, uneasiness and distress on the person the stereotype was intended for.This distress comes from the understanding that one’s actions may possibly corroborate a negative stereotype which frequently results in confirmation or verification of the stereotype. Therefore, the outcome or end result of this discomfort is the definition of stereotype threat which frequently produces negative performance by individuals in the stereotype group. Stereotype effect hinders performance of individuals demonstrating that stereotype-threatened individuals describe reduced expectations which includes reduced hope, opportunities, and belief in oneself.The article â€Å"The Effects of Stereotype Threat on Standardized Mathematics Test Performance and Cognitive Processing† demonstrates that stereotype threat depresses performance on stand ardized tests in which results in an invalid method of assessment. The purpose of the study in the article was to demonstrate if stereotype threat impacts the way student’s cognitively process information (Arbuthnot, 2009). The students were randomly assigned to the low- or high-stereotype-threat group which was decided on their race measure of accomplishment and grades the students received in math (Arbuthnot, 2009). The results of the study demonstrated that stereotype threat affects psychological process which in turn negatively affects the performance of standardized test as seen with the high-achieving black students on the mathematics tests in the high stereotype threat condition (Arbuthnot, 2009). The results also proved that stereotype threat contributes to differences on math tests scores between white and black participant because stereotype threat impacts different kinds of test items (Arbuthnot, 2009).The study clearly demonstrates that the African American students when present with high stereotype threat perform differently because of the negative impact that it has on how the student’s psychologically process the test questions (Arbuthnot, 2009). One noticeable limitation that was present in the study was that the researchers’ wanted to replicate a conventional standardized testing environment where the students were not aware that the tests were voluntary but the limi tation was that the students knew it was a voluntary research project (Arbuthnot, 2009).The article â€Å"Stereotype endorsement and perceived ability as mediators of the girls gender orientation–soccer performance relationship† demonstrates that stereotype effect affects psychological processes that depress performance in sports. The article proves that stereotype effect affect girls that a majority of sports have a stereotype that many sports are manly and creates a pressure which affects female’s apparent capability in sports (Chalabaev, A. , Sarrazin, A. 007). The article is similar to the article â€Å"The Effects of Stereotype Threat on Standardized Mathematics Test Performance and Cognitive processing† because both articles provide a correlation between stereotype threats effects ability to depress performance. The two articles differs in that the stereotype threat impacts two different situations in one article stereotype threat affects standardized tests and the other article stereotype threat affects sports performance.The method that the study used during a required soccer class in which soccer in Europe is looked at as being a masculine sport took a survey and grouped the students by the level of students performance after the students worked out for ten minutes. The results demonstrated that if the girls thought that it was a negative stereotype correlated with the negative stereotype of girls and soccer the girls performed low. The results of the study prove that stereotype affects psychological processes by decreas ing an individual perception of the activity by decreasing performance.The limitations that were present in the study showed was that when using path-analytic studies probability that a variable could have been not added. The article â€Å"Stereotype Threat in Classroom Settings: The Interactive Effect of Domain Identification, Task Difficulty and Stereotype Threat on Female Students’ Math Performance† demonstrates that stereotype threat affects a psychological process that depresses performance in on standardized test performance by demonstrating that stereotype threat is more prominent when the exam consists on complicated concepts.The article also demonstrates that stereotype threat depresses performance because of the previous research done in laboratory settings. The article also discusses how a number of experiments have found that stereotype threat is related to pressure and arousal by measuring individual’s cardiovascular system. The goal of the study was to investigate stereotype threat theory in high school students. The second goal of the tudy was to investigate a relationship between stereotype threat and the effect of how difficult the problems of the exam The method in the study was that students were given a math exam compromising of different levels of complexity. The results of the study showed that the female student performance was depressed in the stereotype threat group. The results prove that stereotype threat depresses psychological processes that create a situational pressure that on standardized test performance. The article â€Å"Stereotype threat in classroom settings: The interactive effect of domain identification, task difficulty and stereotype threat on female students’ maths performance† is similar to the article â€Å"Stereotype endorsement and perceived ability as mediators of the girls gender orientation–soccer performance relationship† in that both articles demonstrated the effect that stereotype threat has in depressing performance in women. The articles differed in that one article demonstrated stereotype threat in women’s sports performance and the other article demonstrated stereotype effect on women’s test performance on difficult test items. How to cite The Effects of Stereotype Threats, Papers

Management & E-Commerce Free-Samples for Students -Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Management and E-Commerce. Answer: Introduction Management in context of business can be defined as a possibility of achieving the mission or objectives of the company. As, it circulates compulsory guideline to be followed with in the organisation related to manager availability, communication as well as relationship styles and also capacity to synthesize various challenges in the organisation.In the following assessment will look forward to the knowledge management and e-commerce from the perspective of organisation. Chosen organisation for the report is Rio Tinto, public Ltd organisation. It headquarter is located in London UK. The business enterprise deals in the product like iron ore, Alumina, copper, aluminum, Diamonds etc (About Rio Tinto, 2017). Later in the assessment report will also asses that how Rio Tintocan utilize KM and e-commerce for increasing its business practices. Overview ofknowledge management and e-commerce E-commerce or e- business includes the usage of information technology capabilities to accomplish objectives(Kourie, BothaSnyman, 2014). Furthermore it not only includes selling and buying but also other business processes such as managing electronic relationship as well as serving consumers and suppliers. E-commerce assist in managing supply activities till the time final delivery is done to the consumers. Also helps in maintain the internal communication relationship between client as well as employees and also helps in collaborating with other business partners. All such activities are considered as intangible assets. That means the ultimate concentration of e-commerce solution is on knowledge management (NickersonBargiela-Chiappini.(2014)). Where e- business strategy is a strategy that is based on the different level management as well as organizational departments group works. Now the shared information to integrate the following group is known as knowledge. For instance, feedbacks in relation to consumer satisfaction will link the marketing and production department. Hence, it assists in linking the different tasks performed by individuals, level of organisation and departments. Assessing how Rio Tintowill utilize KM and e-commerce for enhancing the business Knowledge management is nothing but a systematic organizational management that results in creating value as well as in meeting various strategic and tactical needs. Further it includes various initiative process and strategies that leads towards enhancing the business storage, knowledge, sharing as well as assessment (Holsapple, 2013). In other words, KM is about applying knowledge in the previously, new or novel situations. It is a continuouscycle of 3 major processes. Those are knowledge creation and improvement, distribution and circulation as well as addition and application. It involves of incorporating both storing and holding the knowledge perspectives in respect to intellectual assets. As per knowledge management theory there are three distinct perception of knowledge that is containers, communities and content. Rio Tintowhile maintain KM will help in executing different knowledge component of business activities. Also it will help in maintaining link in between the company assets and tactics that further will result into enhancement of the business practices (Lawsonet.al., 2013). Rio Tintoshould go with the Knowledge management as it leads the business towards: Globalization- Intodays world organizations have become more universal with multiple sites, multicultural nature. Learner organisation- Itwill help the respective travel and tourism firm in adopting learning strategy which result in understanding the consumer values and increase focus on understanding their values. As it is the ultimate goal of reaching the hearts of clients by providing them ultimate satisfaction from services and products. Advancement of technology- It lead the company to have better connectivity with the world. As these days entire world is being connected to multiple of website and smart phones etc. In such situation it is important for a firm like Rio Tintoto have online presence (Massingham, 2014). This is done to enhance the consumer awareness about the company and its services/products etc. There are 4 different KM models: Zack KM model from Meyer and Zack (1996)- Zack model is an approach where every stage is designed to be standardized and logical. Stages are acquisition, refinement, storage, distribution and last but not least refinery. Bukowitz Williams Model (2000)- the following model shows the process framework in a KM which outlines how the companies generate, maintain as well as expand a strategically precise stock of knowledge to create the value. Under this knowledge means relationships, knowledge repositories, IT, communication infrastructure, and process know-how (Kpylet.al.,2014). Also include functional skill sets organizational intelligence and external sources. Stages involved in this method are get, use, learn, contribute and then assess at last. McElroy Model (2003) - This model outline the knowledge life cycle. That further includes the knowledge integration as well as process of knowledge production. Stages involved under this method are learning, validation, acquisition, integration and at the end completion. WllG (1993)-it involves creating, sourcing, compiling, transforming and application the knowledge (Ariza-Montes et.al., 2014). Basically this model portray 3 major conditions first is of having a client and business. Second condition is of having resources that are people, facilities or budget etc. And at the end it is required to have the strength to act. E-commerce Electronics Commerce is a modern business methodology which addresses various requirements of the business enterprises and other related to the company (Assessing how e-commerce leads to enhancement of business practice.(2017)). Such as vendors and consumers to reduce cost and develop the quality of goods/services while enhancing the delivery speed. In other words e-commerce is termed as a paperless exchange of business information by the use of various means. Those are electronic data exchange, electronic fund transfer, e-mail, electronic bulletin boards etc. With the help of E-Commerce Rio Tintocan provides the following features to its clients. Which are as follows: Non-Cash Payment mode- With the help of E-Commerce one can make use of cards like debit credit smart cards, electronic fund transfer etc. on online website bank's website, and other modes of electronics payment (Kourie, BothaSnyman, 2014). 24x7 Service availability- Second feature of E-commerce is its 24 hour service. One client can transact from anywhere at any time through online platforms. Marketing/ Advertising- E-commerce assist in enhancing the range of advertising of enterprise products/services. Improved Sales: Also leads towards improving the sales of products and services can be made at anytime and anywhere without any intervention of individual. That further leads in boosting the turnover of the company Inventory Management: Another important feature of ecommerce is inventory managementthat assists in generating the reports when required (NickersonBargiela-Chiappini,.2014). Also it becomes efficient as well as easy to maintain the product inventory. Communication improvement: it provides various communication ways that leads towards faster, efficient, reliable communication with clients and other partners. There are various e-commerce business models which companies such as Rio Tintocan apply in its business. Those are: B2B- Business to business model where the company prepares a separate website to sale its products to intermediate buyer. And afterwards the intermediate buyer sells the product to ultimate customer. This model in case of Rio Tintowill work as it is having wide ranges of products and in order to reach more and more customers the company can go for franchise, retail outlets etc. There is a chain formed in the model from producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. B2C- Business to consumer, over here the respective company can sell its products directly to its clients. This saves time and energy of the customer and makes it convenient to choose correct purchase and make a deal. Rio Tinto provides its services worldwide and so the consumer can directly go to stores in near locality to make a purchase (Kpylet.al.,2014). C2C-Consumer to consumer model, this model again is not useful model in regard to Rio Tintoas over here customer sales there products to another consumer. When it comes to products like diamond, gold etc. consumer prefers to purchase firsthand instead of going for second hand option. This deals are generally made in respect of cars, motorcycles etc. such as OLX. C2B- Consumer to business,now this model is very much useful to Rio Tinto, as it provides its clients a opportunity to give their give self-customized designs and company will further study and make product accordingly. This will further result in increasing consumer satisfaction (Massingham, 2014). B2G- That is business to government model is a variant of B2B model. In this government use the websites of organizations to trade as well as exchange various information. This model is useful in case of Rio Tinto as because the government may do gold load and other related transactions with the company. Hence, following model is a useful to Rio Tinto. G2B- Government to business model,Again the model is useful for particular organisation. These types of websites are generally used by the government to auction things like gold, diamond etc. in order to approach general citizens. Conclusion The following report was based on the KM and e-commerce in context of Rio Tintobusiness. Firstly the report includes overview of both the dimensions and assessments. That are ecommerce as well as knowledge management in context of respective business. Also has assess that how thesesdimensions leads towards the enhancement of business practices of the chosen travel and tourism firm. Firstly, km was discussed, and came up with certain benefits in regard to organisation that was globalization as well as technology advancement. Along with this also had discussed various models which were Zack, Bukowitz and Williams, McElroy and last but not the least WIIG model. After making discussion over KM next came up with the e-commerce and analyzed various factors to find the capability of enhancement of business. Came up with various features such as 24 hour service, marketing advertising and inventory management and communication improvement. Also report had discussed various models in respect t o e-commerce, which were B2B, B2C, C2B, B2B, G2B, and B2G etc. References Books and Journals Ariza-Montes, J.A. et.al.(2014).From potential absorptive capacity to innovation outcomes in project teams: The conditional mediating role of the realized absorptive capacity in a relational learning context.International Journal of Project Management. 32(6).pp.894-907. Holsapple, C. (ed.). (2013).Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Kpyl, J. et.al.(2014). Knowledge that matters: identifying regional knowledge assets of the tampere region.European Planning Studies.22(10). pp.2011-2029. Kourie, D., Botha, A. Snyman, R. (2014)Coping with continuous change in the business environment: Knowledge management and knowledge management technology. Elsevier. Lawson, G. et.al. (2013). The design and implementation of knowledge management systems and e-learning for improved occupational health and safety in small to medium sized enterprises.Safety science. 60. pp.69-76. Massingham, P. (2014). An evaluation of knowledge management tools: Part 1managing knowledge resources.Journal of Knowledge Management. 18(6). pp.1075-1100. Nickerson, C.R. Bargiela-Chiappini, F. (2014).Writing business: Genres, media and discourses. Routledge. Online About Rio Tinto.(2017). [Online] Available Through: . Accessed on 22nd April] Assessing how e-commerce leads to enhancement of business practice. (2017). [Online] Available Through : https://www.dypatil.edu/schools/management/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/impact-of-e-commerce-on-business-performance-a-study-with-respect-to-travel-industry-Murtaza-Adenwala.pdf.[ Assessed on 22nd April].

Growth and Structural Changes in Employment †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Growth and Structural Changes in Employment. Answer: Introduction: The paper critically discusses the statement The economy of the Peoples Republic of China has reached its Lewisian Turning Point, earlier than expected. In fact, much earlier, and the consequences for China and for the global economy could be tremendous. The model predicts that as the economic growth takes off in the low-income economy, workers shall move from the agricultural sector to industrial sector and a some point referred to the Lewis turning point, surplus labour in agricultural sector shall be depleted leading to sharply surged wages. The determination of the turning point is arrived at via the comparison of marginal product of labour (MPL) and wages in agricultural sector. Research has shown that the national turning of China took place in the year 2006, and hence there is a vast variation in timing of turning point on the regional level (Golley and Meng 2011). Researcher have understood this phenomenon by using the provisional level data in the estimation of the turning point between the years 1996 and 2011. The economy of China could have hit a period of key transformation, as in latest years firm economic forces have been impacting the labour market of China never witnessed. Wages in the manufacturing industry in China in the previous decades have been sharply rising, and in the course of period between 1998 and 2010, the average yearly real wage growth rate stood at 13.80%. Such steady growth in wages has been impacting the cost of production and the competitiveness of China in global market. Simultaneously, reports of shortages in Chinese labour in manufacturing industry have been often with Guangdong province alone being short of 2 million migrant workers in year 2004 (Cai 2010). Such an account aligns to casual observation of managers of the firms. Attraction of labour is increasingly getting difficult unlike in the previous where a queue of workers were waiting for opportunities of jobs, however, presently, it is getting harder for factories to land qualified workers, even if factories are persistently increasing the wages. In the past, abundance of large pool of workers and low costs of production remained the major advantages of economy of China, yet lately, development demonstrate that thing could have altered. A question is posed, is this the eventual state of labour market in China or is it merely a cyclical shortage? Several studies have attempted to present explanation to such a development with some turning to Lewis turning point obtain responses (Fang and Yang 2011). The theory of Lewis turning point was developed in 1954 by Arthur Lewis and examines the correlation between labour supply and wages variations in the course of economic development explained above. The arrival of the Lewisian turning point shall not only decrease the potential growth rate of China, but also have huge adverse impacts on prices, wages, income distribution, economic structure, international trade, government economic policies and direct investment. The Chinese economy is experiencing 2 turning points: 1 from a surge to a plunge in working age and another from underemployment to full employment in Chinese economic development course (Lewisian turning point). This has led to supply of labour shifting from surplus to shortage as seen below: Due to sharp migration of Chinese labour force, especially younger workers, from rural to urban regions, no excess workers in rural areas. The amount of migrant rural residents that left their household registration places hit 159 million in year 2011. The economy of China against this backdrop seems to have hit Lewisian turning point/full employment in process of development. No severe unemployment problem has resulted in the face of the present Chinese economic slowdown compared to past depression. Whereas the real wage growth rate was persistently and substantially lower than growth rate of real GDP till 1997, consequently, this pattern has been upturned as seen below: Rising Wages and Corresponding Impact The shift to labour shortage from labour surplus, shall have serious effects on economy of China via driving up wages. First, share of national income of workers will surge, assisting to decrease the income gap. The shift in labour market to sellers market from buyers market shall not solely culminate in increasing wages, but also enhance rights of workers by lessening working hours as well as accelerating household registration system reforms. Coupled with a decline in rate of unemployment, such enhancement shall account for social stability. Secondly, there will be a contraction in the regional gap. Provided that labour shortage and increasing wages are increasingly evident in coastal regions than in inland regions, the shift of industries from former to later is skyrocketing, especially in labour-intensive industries. Such a shift, is considered a local version of flying geese formation, has culminated in a trend of high growth marred with higher economic growth in inland regions compared to coastal regions right from year 2007. Consequently, the regional disparity that had endured to broaden previously, is currently tightening. Inflationary pressure shall surge. Indeed, when regression analysis is undertaken utilizing data since 1998, with rate of inflation for present quarter (explained variable) and economic growth rate (explanatory variable) for the past three quarters, analyst have reported a strong correlation between the 2 variables. Provided the arrival of Lewisian turning point, China faces an inevitable drop in potential rate of growth. This growth conceptually is constituted by the contribution of expansion of inputs of labour and surge in productivity of labour, and latter is able to be subdivided into expansion of inputs of capital and the surge in total factor productivity (FFP). Such changes in labour market shall become variables that shall restrain contribution of expansion of inputs of labour and those of capital thereby decreasing the potental rate of growth where TFP is constant. Lewisian turning point arrival will limit growth. The labour supply that was unlimited virtually in the previous, has reinforced economic growth in China. First, absorption of excess labour in agricultural sctor by industrial as well as service sectors has been contributing directly to GDP expansion. Secondly, shift of labour force from agriculturla sector along with corresponding low productivity, to industrial and service sectors along with higher productivity, has led to improvement in economy as a whole. The fact that surplus labour has kept wages at the low levels works in favor of cohort with high capital income that consequently culminate in high savings as well as high investment. Yet, the accomplishment of full employment implies that supply of labour to industrial as well as service sector shall drop. Together with a drop in rate of saving this will culminate in a drop in rate of potential growth (Huang and Jiang, 2010). Clear proof of already declined Chinese potential growth rate exists. The latest divergence between comparatively high rati of jon-offers-to-seekers denoting balance between supply and demand in market for labour alongside the comparatively low economic rate of growth are typical signs. The more rate of growth surpasses (fall short of) the rate of potential growth, the higher (or lower) is the ratio of job-offers-to-seekers sinnce the balance between supply of labor and demand for labour tightens (loosens). Where potential growth rate is fixed, a lower rate of growth need to drop the ratio of job-offers-to-job-seekers since the balance between supply of labour and demand for labour loosens in market for labour. Nevertheless, where potential rate of growth further drops together with real rate of growth, ratio of job-offers-to-seekers must stay high as it is currently, since the balance between supply of labour and demand for it does not broaden as seen below: Economic Development Trend Shift Whereas the Lewisian arrival imply that quantitative expansion of factor of production including labour and capital-growth drive will be challenging, it further mean that China shall be freed from the limitation of the need to create a huge quantity of jobs. Chinese GDP growth rate hit 10.40% per year between 1991 and 2011 whereas Chinese employment rate of growth stood at merely 0.8 percent (Fang, Yang and Meiyan 2009). The co-existence of high rate of economic growth and low growth in employment is referred to as jobless growth in China. Many economists recognize this phenomenon as a severe economic problem. Chinese government has been putting priority on labour-intensive industries development to secure employment. Nevertheless, the fact that Gross Domestic Product, denoting output, has growth by 10.40% yearly, whereas employment, denoting input of labour, has surged by merely 0.80% per year implies that yearly growth in productivity of labour has hit 9.60%, substantially accounting for economic growth. From this viewpoint, jobless growth is representable as the growth in absence of job growth or growth via increase in productivity of labour (Minami and Ma 2010). In case of full employment achievement (Lewisian turning point), growth from expanding employment would be increasingly foolhardy, if not unfeasible, subsequently, a surge in labour productivity-an increase in TFP especially-shall be most significant aspect to back rate of economic growth (Fang 2007). The government of China against such backdrop, has commenced to make top preference of its economic policy shift in economic development trend, mainly from growth on the basis of expansion of inputs to growth in terms of higher productivity, rather than emphasizing on creating jobs as in it did previously. The government is encouraging native innovation by Chinese firms to improve productivity. The government such 7 strategic emerging industries as regions on cultivating as energy conservation and environmental protection; next-generation info technology; biotechnology; high-end equipment manufacturing; new energies; new energy automobiles. Both government policies and market forces are presently encouraging shifts in economic development trend. Due to increasing wages linked to labour shortage, Chinese firms must work on investments in saving labour as well as cultivate novel business regions to improve competitiveness. On the basis of such efforts of Chinese government and firms, China is upgrading its structure for industries through the movement of resources out of the industries that are labour-intensive to those of higher value addition ones. This accounts for Chinas recognition as the global largest producer of automobiles as well as crude steel, the economys manufacturing industry has been shifting from light industries to heavy ones. Impact on Global Economy Provided that China is the global largest exporting economy and 2nd largest importing economy, the sharp changes in Chinese labour market and the subsequent shift in its economic development trend shall further have a substantial tremendous consequences/impacts on the global economy. First, in the international trade, such changes shall change the comparative prices of products and hence the Terms of Trade (ToT) (the relative price of exports to imports) of global economies engaged via changes in the exports and import structures of China (Cai 2008). China has been surging its exports of labour-intensive commodities, making use of comparative advantage of the countrys abundant labour force, whereas importing capital-and technology-intensive commodities like machinery as well as components from overseas. In this course, the ToT of China deteriorated in terms of declining prices for exported goods and increasing prices for imported goods whereas those of Chinas trading partners improved. This implies that China in essence transferred income to the trading partners. Yet, as labour moves to shortage from surplus, the comparative advantage of China is shifting to capital-and technology- intensive products from labour-intensive products. As the economys import of capital- and technology-intensive products shall be substituted by goods locally manufactured, whereas Chinas exports of labour-intensive products shall be curbed, both labour-intensive products supply and demand for capital-and technology-intensive products will decrease in the global market. As a consequent, the comparative price of labour-intensive products to the capital-and technology-intensive products shall increase, and, consequently, the ToT of China will improve. Whereas such a change in comparative prices shall be beneficial for the developing economies which primarily export labour-intensive products and import capital-and technology-intensive products, the developed economies which mainly export the latter and import the former shall be greatly hurt. Simultaneously, with respect to direct investment, the alteration in the comparative advantage of China is facilitating the shift overseas of labour-intensive products because of increasing wages and high rate of exchange (Cai and Wang 2010). The Chinas industrial restructuring that requires a large-scale factories relocation past its national boundaries, shall provide a golden opportunity for Southeast Asian economies and emerging economies like India with low cost of wages to accelerate their respective industrialization on the basis of inflow of direct investment. In ten years, products manufactured in China which are on shelves of one-hundred-yen shops in Japan, for example, could extinguish and be substituted by products in such other economies. Conclusion Detailed understanding of the Lewisian turning point model and the associated impacts on both Chinese economy and other global economies have been presented. China hit the full employment in 2006 and this has not only had negative effects in China but the spillages are being felt in other trading partners economies. References Cai, F. and Wang, M., 2010. Growth and structural changes in employment in transition China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 38(1), pp.71-81. Cai, F., 2008. Approaching a triumphal span: How far is China towards its Lewisian turning point? (No. 2008/09). Research Paper, UNU-WIDER, United Nations University (UNU). Cai, F., 2010. Demographic transition, demographic dividend, and Lewis turning point in China. China Economic Journal, 3(2), pp.107-119. Fang, C., 2007. Growth and Structural Changes in Employment in Transitional China [J]. Economic Research Journal, 7, pp.4-14. Fang, C., 2010. Demographic Transition, Demographic Dividend, and Lewis Turning Point in China [J]. Economic Research Journal, 4, pp.4-13. Fang, C., Yang, D. and Meiyan, W., 2009. Migration and labor mobility in China. Fang, C.A.I. and Yang, D.U., 2011. Wage increases, wage convergence, and the Lewis turning point in China. China economic review, 22(4), pp.601-610. Golley, J. and Meng, X., 2011. Has China run out of surplus labour?. China Economic Review, 22(4), pp.555-572. Huang, Y. and Jiang, T., 2010. What does the Lewis turning point mean for China? A computable general equilibrium analysis. China Economic Journal, 3(2), pp.191-207. Minami, R. and Ma, X., 2010. The Lewis turning point of Chinese economy: Comparison with Japanese experience. China Economic Journal, 3(2), pp.163-179.

Sample Thesis For A Compare And Contrast Essay

Sample Thesis For A Compare And Contrast EssayIf you are looking for a sample thesis for a compare and contrast essay, you have several choices to select from. It would be ideal if you can find a resource that has a range of sample papers.Sometimes you will have the option to choose a thesis for a compare and contrast essay depending on the subject you are writing about. The choice of subject may also have an impact on how you prepare your thesis. If you want to share some facts or you are looking for a thesis to address some issues about a specific group of people, you can choose the thesis that is appropriate for your topic.For example, if you are writing about how a department in a university is being criticized for spending too much money, you could write a thesis for a compare and contrast essay about the benefits of using cost control. If you are writing about the benefits of choosing the best business organization to do a project with, you may need to write a thesis to help yo u determine what kind of organization is best. All these examples are just a few ideas.When you are writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay, you may need to look at all the different departments in a school. Every department is similar in some way. In some cases, there are different departments within the same department. For example, if you have a field of study, there may be differences among the fields.The thesis for a compare and contrast essay can be written in many ways. You may need to write it according to a template or one that you have been provided with. If you are considering using a template, make sure that you pick a template that is easy to understand. You may need to adapt the template if you have several types of topics or if you need to do more than one thesis for a compare and contrast essay.The template that you will use may be one that you are given by the college professors. You may be able to get the template by asking them. Alternatively, you can tr y typing the word 'sample' in Google or typing 'template' in MS Word to find the samples that you will use in your thesis.When writing your comparison essay, it may help if you learn to use several different types of reference materials. You may need to find different sources, such as research papers, newspaper articles, etc. In this way, you will be able to give a variety of viewpoints. Writing a thesis for a compare and contrast essay is no easy task.

An Overview of the Designer Clothing Market in the UK Fashion Retail industry

Introduction The United Kingdom has for a long time been regarded as the origin of some of the most innovative and creative fashion designers in the world. The UK fashion labels have had a very big economic impact in the country. Despite being the home to many top fashion designers in the world and the largest fashion houses, the United Kingdom has been unable to retain most of them.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on An Overview of the Designer Clothing Market in the UK Fashion Retail industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The UK retail fashion industry is regarded as one of the most fragmented and competitive markets in the world. The industry has been prosperous for a very long time drawing in a lot of revenue. However, the industry is currently facing a very difficult times in its history. Reduction in consumer spending due to the rise in living costs and inflation has resulted in a decrease in sales a nd investment in designer clothing. Increase in counterfeit products in the market has also pulled people from the retail fashion industry further reducing sales and dooming some companies to bankruptcy. Opportunities for success however still exist for companies that are innovative and flexible enough to maintain competitive advantage through improving value to their products. Fashion Retail Industry The fashion retail industry generally began in the 19th century. Most of the clothes before the 19th century were handmade. The invention of the sewing machine in the early 20th century and the construction of factories led to the mass production of clothing (Cumming 2004). During this time, most of the clothing was made in standard sizes and their cost was fixed. The fashion industry first started in England after which it slowly spread to the rest of the world. â€Å"In the UK and in the United States, the fashion industry has been one of the largest employers† (Jardine 1999). Changes in mode of production and the need for cheaper raw materials and labour have seen industries moving overseas to countries in the third world and China. Fashion can be described as the popular style or a style that differentiates the current period from the past. In the clothing industry, fashion describes an ultra-modern piece of clothing that describes the period in which people are living in (Law 2004).Advertising Looking for dissertation on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In modern time, Fashion not only describes clothing but also other accessories such as footwear, jewelry and bags among others. Fashion exists in three main categories which may further be split into other categories. The main categories are: Haute Couture, ready to wear and mass market (Jones 2005). Haute couture Haute Couture describes custom-fitted piece of clothing that is exclusively made for a single person. These types of cl othing are usually created from very expensive, high quality fabrics and sewn together with intense consideration to detail (Jones, 2005). This time consuming work is usually carried out with experienced seamstresses and is done by hand. In France, the term is protected by law and can only be used by fashion companies that meet a given set of criteria. However in other parts of the world, the term describes expensive and exclusive custom-fitted clothing. Ready to Wear This are clothing that can be described as a cross between mass-market cloths and Haute Couture. They are clothing made in factories and sold in standard size but tailored to a person’s frame (Law 2004). They are usually created from a single design, made with factory machinery and in standard patterns using quicker production techniques. Ready to design clothing are usually more informal and practical than haute couture and can be worn by the average citizen. In some cases, ready to wear clothing are produced i n limited numbers to create a sense of style. Ready to wear can either exist as bespoke or made to measure. In high-end fashion, this type of garments are usually crafted after a famous dress or design that is then copied and advertised using fashion shows to raise the consumer perception of the designer. High-end set to wear clothing are frequently produced by fashion abodes who present their collected works during the fashion week. Mass market These types of clothes are produced to cater for the general population. They are created from a single pattern, mass produced in factories and released in the market.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on An Overview of the Designer Clothing Market in the UK Fashion Retail industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In recent times, mass market products may be copies of ready-to-wear garments, produced under the factory system with materials that are not as expensive and have lower quality that both ready to wear and Haute Couture. Mass market products are released in a number of standard sizes in order to cater for as many people as possible (Law 2004). Designer Clothing Brands Designer clothing is used to describe clothing that has the logo of a distinguished fashion designer (Jones Robb 1997). In the fashion industry, designer clothing is used to describe highly creative clothing made for the high-end market by various distinguished fashion houses. In some cases, designer clothing may not be creations of the fashion designer but rather a work by a manufacturer who has struck a deal with the fashion house (Katics Peterson 1994). The degree to which these designer clothes resemble the designer’s creation may vary according to the agreement between the designer and the manufacturer. Designer clothing is those clothing made by either: a European couturier such as Chanel; a European luxury goods house such as Gucci; or a sportswear label suc h as Calvin Klein (Levitt 1993). In the United Kingdom top designer brands include: Burberry, Christian Dior, Hermes, and Fred Perry among others. Fashion designing on the other hand can be defined as the art of crafting fashionable clothing (Key Note 1998). In recent time however, fashion not only describes clothing but other accessories such as foot ware, jewelry and bags. Fashion designing has evolved not only to becoming an acceptable career choice but also a course to be studied in school. Designers are usually required to The UK fashion Retail Industry Unlike the normal clothing industry, the design industry deals with high end products that are often marketed through the use of fashion shows. In the designer clothing industry, the top designers and fashion houses act as trend setters for the global fashion industry. The trends set by companies such as Christian Dior, Armani, Louis Vuitton etc. not only strengthen the global fashion industry but also add value to various consu mer clothing products that try to draw content and inspiration from the designer sector.Advertising Looking for dissertation on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The UK fashion retail industry is the third largest in Europe worth over thirty billion pounds. The United Kingdom fashion retail industry has over 35 million consumers all of whom spend over 6% of their income on clothing (Sharp 2009). Unlike most of the other parts in the world, Britons are very fashion conscious and thus the clothing turnover volume is quite high in the UK. According to Jones (2005), there are various aspects involved when examining the retail fashion industry: Size and the growth rate of the industry. Structure of the industry Consumer decision making process Rate of change in product demand The fashion cycle Direction in which new styles enter the industry Market Size The UK fashion retail industry can be said to have began in the beginning of the 20th century. Growth during this time was small, as between 1906 to 1938, only a 38% growth was realized (Jones 2005). During the World War II period, rationing was instituted in the country and the fashion industry experienced a dramatic decrease in size. After the war, the fashion retail industry slowly regained its size. The period between 1975 and 1990 saw an increase of over 70% in the retail clothing market (Law 2004). Due to increase in wealth and reliance on fashion, the current fashion retail industry is far mush above that in the 90s. Changes in the UK fashion retail industry has however been growing very slowly since 2004 due to poor economic conditions brought about by the global recession. The table below summarizes the spending habits of UK consumers during different years in recent history: 1964 1984 1994 2004 % % %  £ millions % Food and Drink 17.1 12.3 10.7 63,873 9.4 Alcohol and Tobacco 11.3 7.2 5.0 26.312 3.9 Clothing and Footwear 3.8 4.2 4.8 47,236 6.9 Clothing only 3.0 3.4 4.0 41,208 6.0 Housing 25.9 24.2 21.0 118,160 17.3 Household goods and services 5.3 4.9 5.5 40,503 5.0 Health 2.1 2.1 2.0 11,356 1.7 Transport 11.5 15.3 14.7 97,422 14.3 Commun ication 0.5 1.0 1.4 15,985 2.3 Recreation and Culture 4.3 6.8 8.9 90,603 13.3 Education 1.4 1.4 1.6 9,565 1.4 Restaurants and Hotels 14.0 13.6 12.7 78,280 11.5 Miscellaneous services 9.3 10.3 13.1 81,898 12.0 Total domestic expenditure 100 100 100 681,193 100 Source: Jones (2005) The changes in consumer spending especially in the fashion industry may be due to the change of products, social change or a change in the demographics. The large increase in consumer expenditure in the fashion industry over the years can be clarified by reference to increase in real income and consumption. The UK fashion industry is thus likely to continue being attractive to both foreign and domestic fashion house and other fashion suppliers. In the UK market, women’s clothing account for over 56% of the total fashion industry. A research by Mintel (2000) most of the men in the UK are not really concerned about their appearance. The report also noted that only about 2% of UK men buy th e latest clothing and accessories and that only 7% of men are shopaholics compared to 20% of women. Consumer Decision Making Process Consumer decision making in fashion retailing is mainly influenced by the mode of marketing and social-demographic factors. The mode of advertisement generally has a very impact on convincing consumers to buy a product. The use of fashion shows has been very successful over the years since consumers get to see exactly what they are buying and the glamour behind the show is especially attractive to women buyers. The availability of the internet has taken marketing global. Fashion houses and production companies can promote their wares through the internet increase their visibility. However, a survey carried out by Karayanni (2003) concluded that online shopping in the fashion retail industry will never outdo personal selling especially in the UK. He notes that women, especially young women, in the United Kingdom love the feel and thrill of shopping. Wom en like window shopping, trying out new dresses and the feel of carrying home a new dress. This according to them, is the only means of shopping. The internet is rather impersonal and can only help in alerting people when a new fashion line has been released or to list the collection that a fashion house has. In 1994, the number of women working was about 53%. According to Scott (2009), this number had risen to 70% in 2008. The large number of working women, increase in shopping centers and the availability of credit facilities encourages shopping. Most women consider fashion shopping as a leisure activity or as a means to alleviate stress. This leads to increase in expenditure and thus a growth in the fashion industry. Cultural change has also played a major role in determining the direction in which the fashion retail industry in taking. Over the years, the UK has been becoming more and more culturally diversified. This has brought about changes in food and style of clothing. Cert ain social changes such as the new trend where more and more employee wear informal clothing to work and increase in leisure activities all cause a change in the UK fashion retail industry. Concept, Structure and Characteristic of Designer Clothing Brands The designer fashion industry is mainly concerned with producing high-end high quality fashion that are more exclusive and are generally marketed through the use of fashion shows. Most fashion houses share the same characteristic and infrastructure. In the design fashion industry, most of the products are launched after a given period of time. These launching seasons may vary but most fashion houses/brands have a minimum of two seasons each year. Smaller fashion design house generally tend to use student interns and freelances to develop their clothing line. This is mainly to manage cost while at the same time importing expertise from a variety of sources. Large businesses on the other hand are already established and while they so metimes consult freelancers, they usually have a team of designers who have had ample experience in designing. The fashion houses engage in massive research and development activities in order to keep up to date with the latest trends (Kaiser 1990). They usually search for better and high quality fabrics from many sources and release new collections at least after every six months. The top fashion houses usually release more than two collections every year to correspond with the fashion shows in important parts of the world. Unlike other industries, the fashion industry main form of marketing is through trade fairs and fashion weeks. There are three important fashion centers in the world: London, Milan, Paris and New York City. A fashion show in these four main cities usually attracts a lot of attention from the general public, major supplies, television stations, influential persons and magazines. Most fashion houses release one collection each international trade fair. This not on ly grants them international recognition but the fairs act as a means to market and sale their products. Designers usually collaborate with stylists, who are responsible for generating media attention, brokering celebrity endorsements, and promote collaboration between the fashion houses (Murphy 1999). During the initial stages, most fashion house produce their goods in the UK. After gaining enough capital and coverage, the fashion house usually collaborate with manufacturers in other countries where consumer volume is higher and the cost of production lower. Marketing Mix The marketing mix involves elements involved in marketing that will enable a company to produce need-satisfying goods and also improve consumer loyalty while creating awareness for new consumers (Pepall, Daniel Norman 2005). There are seven important elements in the marketing mix. In designer clothing market marketing mix is mainly geared on keeping consumers happy while at the same time create awareness for a ne w collection line as soon as it is availed. The marketing mix used by most Designer clothing brands include: Product Unlike some industry where the product is produced and the market is searched afterwards, the designer clothing industry must find out what is in style and what is not. The main success in designer clothing is producing clothing of high quality and in fashion. The clothes have to be in synch with the time and period of sale. The product cycle of most designer clothing is not long therefore most designer clothing houses must produce clothing that will last the initial hype and generate enough revenue (Kotler 2009). Design houses are required to carry out intensive research on consumer perception and the social and culture change happening around them. They need to be aware of any change in taste in order to produce goods that will conform to the prevailing fashion. Price Due to the high quality of produced goods and due to the fact that most designer clothes are made t o target the high end market, most of the products developed by the designer clothing houses are usually expensive. Renowned designer houses are usually not considered with price wars as they have a constant supply of loyal consumers who are capable of buying their products. Houses such as Galliano, Hermes, Burberry, Christian Dior etc. are major fashion houses and usually price their products according to clientele and according to the style and quality of the products (Katics Peterson 1999). Smaller fashion designer houses usually put competitive house that depend on the level of exposure, economic conditions and the period in which they released their collection. If an upcoming designer company releases its collection when notable houses have also released theirs, it would be necessary for the house to target other consumers by reducing the price of the products. Place As noted earlier, most of the products in the fashion industry are sold through retailers. Products from design er clothing companies are usually sold in their own retail outlets or a few selected retailers in the country. In most places, there is a fashion district where many designer clothing retail shops are concentrated and in some places it may only be a street full of designer clothing retailing shops. Most of the retailing outlets are usually in the middle of town centers in order to attract more customers. Many fashion houses have also situated there retailing outlets in high-end districts in order to avail themselves to wealthy consumers. Retailing shops are usually uniquely decorated in order to portray style and sophistication that the buyers of designer clothes may relate to or wish to relate to. Promotion Promotion in the designer clothing industry differs a lot as compared to other industry. First, the main means of designer clothing promotion is through participation in fashion week and the various trade fairs held all over the world. The UK designer clothing companies are very fortunate as they can easily participate in three of the major fashion week shows in the world. The other mode of promotion is through personal selling. Most consumers of designer clothes are women accounting for about 56% of all buyers. Women generally enjoy the fuss and feel of buying a new clothe. Clothing is just not a simple activity rather it is a leisure activity, a ritual and to some even a therapeutic process. Personal selling thus becomes very important as a woman not only gets to interact with the clothes but also with the person offering their services. The last main important means of promotion in the designer clothing industry is through branding. A clothe is as only as good as its brand in the designer clothing industry. Companies try to build up their brand name by constantly realizing innovative and creative designs that increase their visibility in the world. A company with a strong brand is like to attract a large number of loyal buyers. Most consumers in the des igner clothing market are driven to consumption mainly due to brand names. People Designer clothing industry is mainly about attitude. From the models on stage to the sales clerks in retail shops, all the people connected with designer clothing brand should portray class and sophistication (Kaiser 2009). The people working for designer clothing brands should not only be trained on how to do their jobs but should personify the business in all their activities. Most consumers of designer clothing link the product with the service provided. This is because excellent service is just as important as buying the product itself. Therefore it is important that everybody connected with the brand have excellent communication skills, be classy and be kind and patient because one bad review might cause a dent in consumer perception. Process Process involves all activities involved in delivering services to a customer (Sharp 2006). Waiting time, after sales service, and the helpfulness of the sta ff are all important aspects of the process. Designer clothing companies are usually well managed and thus there is minimal waiting time and the sales personnel are usually trained to be helpful, well mannered and knowledgeable about the company’s products. The company should always ensure that customers are kept informed about important events such as fashion shows and new about the release of new collections and their price. Overlooking the process might lead low consumer satisfaction, bad reviews and poor perception of the brand Physical Evidence In designer clothing industry, a company should be able to prove that it indeed can provide high-end classy clothing. This is usually personified by its ability to compete well in the fashion shows and the nature and organization of it retail outlets (Jones 1996). Participation is one of the important ways that a company can provide physical evidence that its clothing can meet consumer expectation. The premises of these companies must be spectacular, eye catching and able to convey class. This will generate word of mouth that will attract more and more consumer to the premises. Designer Clothing Brands in the UK In 2009, the fashion retail industry in the UK was worth  £52 billion (Grail 2010). The UK high-end designer clothing companies are about than 400 as per 2009 London fair. As of 2009, the adult designer clothing market was worth  £1.9 billion accounting for 6.5% of the entire adult fashion retail industry. The top 10 designer brands contributed more than 40% of the total designer clothing sales (Grail 2010). Due to the poor economic conditions being experienced, the sales of designer clothing in the United Kingdom are growing very slowly. The companies still enjoy sales from loyal consumers and sales from foreign companies have increased considerably during the last five years, especially sales in China Overview of Notable Brands Burberry Burberry Inc. is a luxury fashion house originating in Bri tain. It became widely known for the trench coat design created by Thomas Burberry, its founder. The company’s brand has been ranked as the 98th most valuable brand internationally. In 2010 the company had an operating income of  £171.1 million and a net income of  £82.2 million. It has stores in over 473 locations with 15 stores in England. The company produces clothing, fashion accessories and perfumes (Nielson 2011). Christian Dior Christian Dior is a French company that also operates in the United Kingdom. It was started by the designer of the same name in 1946. The company mainly deals with Haute Couture aimed at the high end market. The company operates about 160 boutiques in various parts of the world and has over 76, 000 employees as of 2010. In 2010, the company had a net profit of â‚ ¬1.261 billion, an operating income of  £4.142 billion and assets worth over  £41.20 billion (Nielson 2011). Chanel Chanel is a French fashion house founded in 1909 by the Fr ench couturier Gabrielle Chanel. The company deals with Haute Couture, perfumes, hand bags and other fashion accessories. The company went after elegance and turned away from â€Å"sexy†. The company has about 1,270 employees and very few stores worldwide. In 2010, the company had revenue of  £1.809 billion with a net income of  £280.3 million (Nielson 2011) Hermes This is also a high-end fashion house originating in France. The company specializes in leather, perfume, handbags and ready-to-wear items. The company was founded in 1837 by Thierry Hermes (Colino 2010). In 2010, the company had total revenue of  £2.401 billion, a net income of  £421.7 million and assets worth  £2.919 billion. The company has over 8000 employees in different parts of the world (Nielson, 2011). Louis Vuitton It is also a French fashion house that also operates in most parts of the UK. It was founded in 1854 by a designer of the same name. The company produces ready-to-wear, shoes, hand ba gs, luxury trunks, jewellery and leather goods. The company markets its products through high-end retail stores, boutiques and the internet. In 2010 the company had total revenue of over  £2.1 billion (Louis Vuitton 2011). Conclusion The fashion retail industry has been described as the most dynamic, competitive and fragmented market in the world. In 2009, it was worth over  £52 billion and was one of the biggest employers in the country. The Fashion industry has been experiencing some problems mainly due to the global recession and imitation designer clothes from countries such as India and China. To maintain competitive advantage, designer clothing companies should revise their marketing mix and ensure that they not only keep consumers but also attract more consumers both from the UK and from the rest of the world. This paper has looked at the nature and characteristic of the UK fashion retail market as well as the characteristic of designer clothing market. It can be seen tha t the designer clothing market is not under too much pressure from the economic slowdown since most of its consumers are wealthy and can afford to buy whenever the need arise. An overview of the marketing mix used by designer clothing companies has been provided to understand how they operate. The designer clothing market accounts for over 6.5% of the total fashion retail market therefore it is worth a lot of money and with proper business strategy one may stand to earn a lot from this industry. References Colino, N., 2010. The Hermà ¨s Scarf: History Mystique. Thames Hudson, New York Cumming, V., 2004. Understanding Fashion History. Costume Fashion Press, New York Grail, R., 2010. The Global Fashion Industry – Growth in Emerging Markets. Grail  Reports, 3(12):1-25 Jardine, A., 1999. Traditional Retailers face the High Noon. Marketing, 16(9), pp23-24 Jones, R. M., 1996. Demographics, Distribution of Income and Wealth and the Marketing of Fashion in the UK. Journal of Te xtile Institute., 90: pp1-14 Jones, R. M., 2005. The Apparel Industry. Wiley and Sons, New York Jones, R.M Robb P., 1997. The demand for clothing in the UK and Sweden. The  Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management,1, pp.113-120 Law, K., 2004. Fashion change and fashion consumption: the chaotic perspective. The  Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8(4), pp.362-375 Levitt, T., 1993. The Globalization of Markets. Harvard Business Review,56, pp. 92-103 Louis Vuitton, 2010. Annual Report. Web. Kaiser, S., 1990. The Social Psychology of Clothing. Macmillan, New York Karayanni, D., 2003. Web shoppers and Non-shoppers. European research Journal,  15(3), 141-152 Katics, M. Peterson B., 1994. The effect of rising competition on import competition in market power. American Economic review, 88, pp. 107-120 Key Note. 1998. Clothing Manufacture. Key Note Ltd: Hampton, Middlesex Kotler, P. 2009. Principles of Marketing. New York: Prentice Hall. Pepall, L., Daniel J. Norman, J ., 2005. Industrial Organization, Contemporary Theory  and Practice. Ohio: Thomson South-Western Scott, D. 2009. The record number of Women Employed in the UK. BBC news. Available at:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7638056.stm Sharp, T. 2006. Marketing and the 7 Ps. Strategic Management. 8(12), pp. 4-8 This dissertation on An Overview of the Designer Clothing Market in the UK Fashion Retail industry was written and submitted by user Jimena H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Cleft Sentences

Definition and Examples of Cleft Sentences In English grammar, a cleft is a construction in which some element in a sentence is moved from its normal position into a separate clause to give it greater emphasis. A cleft is also known as a  cleft sentence, a  cleft construction, and a  cleft clause. A  cleft sentence  is a sentence that is cleft (split) so as to put the focus on one part of it. The cleft sentence is introduced by  it, which is followed by a  verb phrase  whose main verb is generally  be. The focused part comes next, and then the rest of the sentence is introduced by a  relative pronoun, relative  determiner, or  relative adverb. If we take the sentence  Tom felt a sharp pain after lunch, two possible cleft sentences formed from it are  It was Tom who felt a sharp pain after lunch  and  It was after lunch that Tom felt a sharp pain. Take, for example, the simple declarative sentence, Jerry went to the movie yesterday. If you would want to emphasize one element or another, the sentence could be rewritten in several different ways: It was  Jerry  who went to the movie  yesterday.It was to the  movie  that Jerry went  yesterday.It was  yesterday  that Jerry went to the movie.   English has many different varieties of cleft constructions, but the two major types are it-clefts and wh-clefts.  Wh- clefts use  wh words, which is most often what in the construction. However, why, where, how, etc. are also possibilities. Examples and Observations It-Clefts It was only last month that  I decided to go back to school.It was my father who  sent Dyer out to proselyte.  It was my father who  had the blue-ice eye and the beard of gold.It was Roosevelt who impetuously blurted out the unconditional surrender ultimatum at a press conference in Casablanca, to the surprise of Winston Churchill, who was sitting at his side and who had no alternative but to nod approval. Wh-Clefts What I needed was a weapon. Other people, hitchhikers, told me they always carried a little something, a knife or a can of Mace, and Id laughed, thinking there was no greater weapon than the human mind. You idiot.Strange, but  what I really wanted was  a dad who would come down to the police station, ​yell his head off, and then take me home to talk about what happened, to come up with a new plan for how Id act in the future, etc. All the other guys had that. But not me. My dad left me alone in jail for the night. Sources Douglas Biber et al.,  Longman Student Grammar. Pearson, 2002George N. Crocker,  Roosevelts Road to Russia. Regnery, 1959David Crystal,  Making Sense of Grammar. Longman, 2004Zane Gray,  Riders of the Purple Sage, 1912Sidney Greenbaum,  Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996David Sedaris,  Naked. Little, Brown Company, 1997Michael Simmons,  Finding Lubchenko. Razorbill, 2005