Market equilibrium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market equilibrium - Research Paper Example The law of supply suggests that if prices for commodities are high, then the supply of the commodity will rise. The supply will diminish if the prices go down. In this case, the price of the materials used for constructing houses will determine the supply. If the materials and land are at a low price, then more homes will be supplied (Salunke & Bagad, 2009). Taxes and subsidies will determine the quantities in the market. If there are expectations of price increase, suppliers are likely to withhold the commodities (Salunke & Bagad, 2009). The market theory suggests the presence of succinct information in the market. This is an indication that the information on the stock is visible to all investors (Salunke & Bagad, 2009). With the same information on commodities, the price available is an expectation of all purchasers. This aspect is suitable in equilibrating the market because it prevents tentative trade (Tucker, 2011). If the price of homes in the market is greater than that of equilibrium, amounts availed into the market become larger than those in demand. In this case, a surplus arises and leads to reduction of prices. With the prices below stability, amounts availed into the market become lesser than those inquired. A shortage occurs and leads to rise in prices of the commodity (Salunke & Bagad, 2009). In order to ensure equilibrium, buyers and sellers drop and raise the amounts of commodities and supplies to the extent of reaching stable prices where demand and supply are the same (Salunke & Bagad, 2009). If the demand for homes becomes too high, the supply increases and makes sellers reduce the prices. As the price drops, the supply diminishes and creates a need to raise prices. When the prices rise, demand reduces and supply increases. The process proceeds until there is market equilibrium (Tucker,

Letter-to-Congressperson - Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter-to-Congressperson - Geology - Assignment Example Global warming leads to a rise in sea level and eventual flooding due to the rise in temperature by a few degrees that melt the ice caps. As such, countries that are below or in a short range above sea level will be in danger of flooding. The Kyoto protocol thus comes into play to prevent any factors that increase global warming. Some of the causes that have been envisaged over time are the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The Kyoto protocol has its focus on the reduction of six main greenhouse gases, which include Sulphur hexafluoride, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide. The gases are produced by industries and the more industries a country has, the more emissions released to the atmosphere. The United States contributes to 35% of the total emissions in the world according to the Kyoto Protocol Annex and thus should be the first country to take the protocol seriously. As it builds, more industries at present and in future the emission consequently increase. As such, the Kyoto protocol ensures that the affected countries reduce the emissions to the acceptable minimum. The United States only signed the Kyoto protocol but did not ratify it and disengaged in 2001 as noted earlier. The former president George W. Bush was instrumental in disengaging from the Kyoto protocol. Bill Clinton had signed the protocol, but it was not taken to the Senate to approve it. H noted that the coal industry would significantly be affected by the introduction of the Kyoto protocol since the country relies on it in the employment of its citizens and production of energy and use in industries. The then President George Bush sought not to ratify the protocol due to the energy crisis that he said was looming globally. Additionally, no conclusive reason was there and specified solutions for the industries in the affected countries to follow in reducing the

Importance Of FDI In Developing Malaysian Economic Growth

Importance Of FDI In Developing Malaysian Economic Growth The federation of Malaysia was formed in 1963, initially consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Due to internal political reasons, Singapore was asked to leave the federation in 1965 to become an independent state. Malaysia is separated into two regions namely the West and East Malaysia by the South China Sea. Malaysia is blessed with an abundance of natural resources such as gas, coal, petroleum and the humid tropical climate creates a great condition for plant growth such as palm oil and rubber. These raw materials are what contribute to the economy. Before the 1970s, Malaysia was previously a raw material producing economy that produced rubber, tin, etc that exported to the industrialised countries. Much later, petroleum and palm oil were also one of the raw materials being exported. However, since the 1970s a change has been noted in the development of the economy of being a more export-oriented manufacturing industry that produced textile, rubber products, electric and electronic goods etc. The government realised to increase GDP growth, the country had to shift from an export-oriented raw material producing economy into an export-oriented manufacturing economy. Not only will employment rise, but it will also benefit GDP growth and economic welfare. Importance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. In other words, it is the establishment of a company by a foreign investor. To invest in Malaysia, it is required that 10% of the total equity in a resident company be held by the foreign investor. Generally there are two types of FDIs; outward-bound FDI and inward-bound FDI. An outward-bound FDI is when local capital is invested in foreign resources while an inward-bound FDI, the opposite of an outward-bound FDI is when foreign capital is invested in local resources. FDI is an important and effective way to stir up the economy as it is a major catalyst to development. This is because with the setting up of companies and factories, employment will rise. With foreign money being pumped into the economy to pay of wages and salaries to the employees, a multiplier effect will create an injection of several times that will cause a huge influx of foreign money. As more foreign money is being pumped into the local economy (assuming there are no outflows of money) GDP growth will soar that goes hand in hand with vision 2020 where Malaysia will achieve a developed nation status with a constant 8% growth rate every year. This will in turn, bring confidence into the economy, further generating more FDIs. As the economy is doing well, development will naturally take place to improve the quality of life. Furthermore, the acquisition of knowledge for the transfer of technology is a tremendous advantage for the country. As companies and factories are being set up, heavy machineries and sophisticated technology are being passed on to the local employees to operate the business. In order to work the technology, the local employees will then have to go for training. Thus the passing on down of knowledge and technology to the country is an integral part for developing countries to further improve itself on a global scale. Suitable Industries and Businesses Foreign Investors from China can consider venturing into the renewable energy sector. This is because, Malaysia have an ample supply of raw material and land availability for such investments. Furthermore, a company from the Hong Kong called Sun Bear Solar Ltd. has made the first move to venture into the renewable energy industry in Malaysia. This is a stepping stone for future FDI from China into this sector. Foreign investors from India can consider venturing into the IT industry of Malaysia. This is because Malaysia is fully equipped with high speed internet due to Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and thus this can facilitate with the FDI when they invest and set up companies in Malaysia. Foreign investors from the Middle East can consider venturing into the oil and gas industry. The Middle East is rich with an abundance of oil and gas and so is Malaysia. Investors from there have a high expertise in the field and thus, are suitable in venturing into this sector. It is highly recommended that the Middle East investors invest into the oil and gas industry to further enlarge the scale of production and thus earning billions to stimulate the economy. Strengths The political status in Malaysia isnt a huge concern to foreign investors as it is considered stable compared to neighbouring countries like Thailand. In Thailand, where street protests have escalated in recent years have kept foreign investors pending on their investment into the country due to national security. The political instability and unrest has caused a huge deterrence for the countrys FDI and thus, alternatives have been considered. Malaysia, south of Thailand is an option for the disturbed political atmosphere. With a stable political status in Malaysia, foreign investors can and will benefit from their investments into Malaysia. A strategic location between the East and the West, Malaysia is in the epicentre of the ASEAN countries. Investors from the Middle East, India and China will find that Malaysia is the gateway to the ASEAN market that is some 558.2 million people. Malaysia boasting a population of only 28 million will be the focal point of foreign investors as they can easily distribute their products to the neighbouring countries. Natural resources in Malaysia are in abundance. Natural gas, oil, petroleum and coal have been found along the coastal waters of the country. As such, Malaysia has kept a competitive edge to neighbouring countries as the price of fuel is remarkably lower than other ASEAN countries. This is an effective cost minimiser. Furthermore, raw materials such as rubber and palm oil are also found in abundance in the country. For those foreign investors who are planning to invest in these sectors will benefit as they will save on transportation cost as they can produce the industrialised goods in Malaysia rather than importing raw materials to their countries to produce the respective goods. Malaysia is a multicultural country where three main races namely the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians live harmoniously together. This has proven to be an advantage to foreign investors from China and India as they will have no problem communicating with the local employees as they can speak in the same language or dialect. This is definitely a strength compared to other ASEAN countries such as Thailand whose locals speak mostly Thai and the Indonesians, Bahasa Indonesia. Although instructions can be conferred through a medium, it is at the foreign investors best interest that they communicate directly with their employees. The labour market in Malaysia is fairly educated with a literacy rate of 87.4% (estimated by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, July 2002). With a higher literacy rate compared to other ASEAN countries such as Laos 76%, gives Malaysia the advantage of attracting FDI. Foreign investors will find it easier to communicate and to train the local employees to fit the demands of the job and thus, minimising the cost of training. Technology and transportation in Malaysia is considered better than many neighbouring countries. With proper tar roads and internationally-recognised ports, imports and exports can be done easily without having to worry about the lack of infrastructure. This will ensure FDI to invest in Malaysia as they will not have to worry or invest extra security towards their transportation of their goods. Furthermore with Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), a high speed internet connection, FDI will be ensured that work in the resident country will not be restricted by communication troubles. Challenges One of the main challenges of attracting FDI to Malaysia is the Islamic image of the country. With the recent attacks on churches over the use of the word Allah by Christians in publications has deterred foreign investors from investing in Malaysia. Concerns are being raised by foreign investors as they fear a religious conflict would turn deadly.This is not a healthy thing for perceptions of Malaysia, Nicholas Jeffreys, president of the American Chambers of Commerce in Malaysia, told a business conference. As mentioned, the political status in Malaysia is considered stable compared to other ASEAN countries. However so, the recent formation of opposition party Pakatan Rakyat consisting of DAP, PAS and KEADILAN have proved to be a problem to the economy of Malaysia. During the recent general election, the opposition party garnered five states that were previously held by the main political party, Barisan Nasional. Politically shaken, both parties have been on each others throat, fighting for power. The political unrest in Malaysia has kept investors pending about investing in Malaysia as it is difficult to get both state and federal government to accommodate at the same time. In recent months, Malaysias currency has been steadily rising against the US dollar, Euro and the British Sterling. It is important to note that a strong currency is not what foreign investors want as more money will have to be forked out to buy Malaysias currency. Furthermore, a strong currency will mean labour cost will increase. This will be a setback for the economy as foreign investors will want to choose other ASEAN countries of lower currency for a lower labour cost such as Vietnam or Cambodia. A drop in GDP rate over the last few years is another reason why foreign investors are still pending with their investment into Malaysia. With a fall in growth rate, the economy will contract and thus, foreign investors will not be able to expand their business fully and this will deter foreigners from investing into Malaysia. Corporate taxation on profit has a huge impact on foreign investors wanting to invest into countries. Among ASEAN countries, Malaysia does not have the lowest corporate taxation rates and thus foreign investors may think twice about investing into Malaysia. Heavy competition from other ASEAN countries is also another deterrent for investors to invest in Malaysia. This is because, other neighbouring countries may lower corporate taxation rate in order to accommodate with the increasing FDIs. Furthermore, the other countries may design or propose better government policies to attract FDI into their respective countries. Vietnam, known as the second China has shown a remarkable performance in attracting FDI and is one of the fastest growing economies of the world, behind China. Thus, with a reputation of that, Malaysia will have to work harder to garner more support and FDI. Recommendations It is impossible to avoid the world to know about Malaysias image of being an Islamic country. However so, precautionary methods can be done to enhance the peaceful and harmonious relations in the country. Advertisement on a global scale to promote Malaysia as a symbol of racial and religion unity can improve Malaysias image. Political instability in Malaysia may not be a major issue; however, it is still a pressing matter that the federal government and the opposition are at constant loggerheads. Disagreement is bound to stir up situations hence; agreements must be made in order to ease the tension. The federal government and the opposition will have to come to an agreement to provide the best facilities and services to current and potential foreign investors. With both parties working hand in hand, foreign investors will have the confidence to want to invest in Malaysia. A strong currency deters investors from investing into Malaysia as total costs will increase. In order to remain competitive, Malaysia can and may revoke back to the pegged exchange rate against the USD where economy uncertainty can be abolished as investors will be certain that their current expenses will not increase or decrease readily. A falling GDP due to the recent economic recession is not something the government can change overnight. However, the government can encourage spending by lowering interest rates. This will cause a multiplier effect and stimulate the economy. Investors will then see a growth in GDP rate and invest in Malaysia. With public confidence, this will become a whole cycle. Heavy competition from other countries is due to attractive and lucrative deals made by the government to attract FDI. The Malaysia government can do the same by introducing attractive deals, low corporation tax, etc to attract FDI. Conclusion FDI is an important and effective way to stir up the economy as it is a major catalyst to development. There are many pros and cons to investing in Malaysia, pros being, political stability, strategic location, an abundance of natural resources and raw materials, a multicultural country, a high quality workforce, good transportation, while cons being, political instability, Islamic image, high currency, high corporate taxation and heavy competition. However so, recommendations have been made to minimize the challenges faced by foreign investors. Invest in Malaysia, and it shall invest in you.

Computer Illiteracy :: Computer Illiteracy

Society is currently in a period of rapid technological change. Computers are becoming a household item as well as a highly advanced tool for most every workplace. The entire world is interlinked through the Internet and information is being transferred across the globe in a matter of seconds. Computers are getting smaller and quicker and the amount of information they can store is getting larger. In this information society that we are becoming, a new advanced form of literacy threatens to debilitate anyone who refuses to step into the computer age. Computer illiteracy endangers not only the individual but our nation’s economy. Whether you like it or not, computers are the new language and those who refuse to accept this will be left in the dust . Computer illiteracy must be addressed now or there will be a whole new population of specialized illiterates in America. There is no doubt that computers are firmly implanted in our nation’s daily existence. Everyday I use a computer at least once, either writing a paper, surfing the Internet or checking my e-mail. On a recent trip to the library to do research I was quickly escorted by a librarian to the variety of computer databases, which are the fastest and most current source of information I found a survey in Statistical Abstracts of the United States comparing students use of computers in kindergarten through college from 1984 to 1993. A total of 27.3% of students used computers in schools in 1984, while a total of 59.0% used computers in 1993. This shows a steady rise in scholastic computer use and these figures are probably greatly inflated by now in 1997. Sadly, many people refuse to face the onslaught of computer technology. A 1994 survey conducted by Dell Computers indicated the 55% of Americans are phobic or resistant to computers (Column). In addition, many important people, including CEOÕs of major companies, are rumored to be computer illiterate (Column). The former CEO of IBM even admitted to never using a computer (Column). Fortunately, PC’s are becoming more and more user friendly as the technology improves. Fewer errors, less maintenance and quicker functioning should encourage many reluctant people to finally step into the new era. Computer literacy requires that an individual be able to word process and have a basic knowledge of CD-Roms, database and the Internet. These are the basic objectives of computer literacy, just as composition may be the objective of regular literacy.

Bullying: Debut Albums and Big Idea

I have to write an argumentative essay about a big idea. My paper is on how parents can help to stop and prevent bullying. My big idea that I am completing is a blog that offers a lot of information along with links to resources. I have my final due in two weeks but this week we have to revise our opening and closing statements and I do not know where to strap and could really use some help. Introduction: The saying, if sticks and stones will break my bones, but words will never hurt me was ever true, it sure isn't true today† (Gaul, 2010). Bullying in and out of schools is getting out of control. Statistics have shown that one third of teens are bullied at school and 4 percent also report that they were also victims of cyber bullying (Bullying Statistics, 2009). Parents really need to take a stand against bullying to help prevent it and to stop it.We as parents need to be a part of the solution, not the problem. Conclusion: No matter what end of the bullying your child is on, you need to make sure that you are doing your part to prevent and stop this. Bullying is a serious matter, weather we like it or not. If you do not think that you can handle the situation on your own, there is no harm in asking for help. You can find help in a variety of places, even with in your own family.

John Proctor vs Arthur Dimmesdale Essay

The sixth commandment states, â€Å"Thou shall not commit adultery. † This is something that both John Proctor from â€Å"The Crucible† and Arthur Dimmesdale from â€Å"The Scarlet  Letter†Ã‚  committed. John Proctor’s partner in crime is Abigail Williams and Arthur Dimmesdale’s is Hester Prynne. The big difference between these two men is that John accepts his sin and Arthur does not. They both  share  the same sin, but they lived two different but similar lives. Since they both were Puritans and people that the town looked up to. The most glaring difference between John and Arthur is the fact that John isn’t a holy man. Hell, he doesn’t even attend church on Sundays. But this doesn’t change the fact that he completely regrets his crime of adultery. I think it might affect John a lot more than Arthur because he already has a significant other. This makes the sin more personal for John in that regard. John’s reason for not being a holy man (which was a big deal for the time) can be traced to 2 things. 1: Him being a farmer makes his life revolve around the randomness of the weather and the brutality of nature. The corruptness of the religious members of the town. An example is all of the witch accusations that are completely ridiculous and the priest asking the townspeople for money instead of preaching god. John’s personality is also completely different. He is entirely confident in himself (sometimes appearing arrogant) but believes he is right all of the time. This is one of the factors why the townspeople look up to him. But also one of the reasons the townspeople turned against him so fast when he admitted to adultery. Arthur Dimmesdale is as holy as you can get. He is a famous minister that gets transferred to the town of the scarlet letter and is respected by everyone. He eventually commits adultery with Hester Prynne which tears him up inside because it goes against everything he knows. He then beats himself up over it the entire book going as far as mutilating himself as â€Å"punishment†. Now that I mention it maybe Arthur regrets it more. Think about it, he gets punished for having a â€Å"thing† with the only woman he ever loved. Also it breaks all the rules in his lifestyle. Challenging his very means of living. He even gets a child out of this â€Å"mistake†. Pearl, who is a constant reminder of what he did. Arthurs personality is definitely a lot weaker than Johns. He is an incredibly weak man after the affair. Leaving as a shell of his former self. He is in so much guilt over what happened that he starts losing his own sense of reality at one point. Arthur is also incredibly susceptible to Rogers tricks in the book making him a weak man. Now that you know the differences between the characters let’s talk about how they accept their sin. John is pushed to the point where he has no other choice but to confess to the town that he had an affair with Abigail Williams. John is 100% strong in his decision though. He gives Abigail a cold shoulder on his way to his death telling her that it was a mistake and that he never loved her. But he tells his wife that he’s sorry for everything and that he loves her. In my humble opinion I think Proctor went out in pride. Accepting what he did and taking it like a man. Arthur†¦not so much. He knows he’s dying so he decides to let the town know the truth by showing the â€Å"A† carved on his chest to the entire town. This literally takes the â€Å"burden† off his chest but dies immediately after. This shows that he couldn’t take the guilt and that’s what killed him. Revealing it was too much for him. This was my comparison of characters in Puritan society stories and I favored John Proctor over Arthur Dimmesdale. They are both good analysis’s of the human condition and really made me think. Just remember that†¦. â€Å"A person that never made a mistake never tried anything new. † – Albert Einstein

Summary 2 Example

Summary 2 Example Summary 2 – Coursework Example English Summary: Nativism & KKK Racial and religious prejudice and anti-Semantic propaganda characterized America in the 1920s.Newspapers and pamphlets distributed across schools and the public fueled the itinerary of supporters of the anti-immigration movement. The Sacco-Vanzetti Case, involving two Italian immigrants, aroused considerable deliberation among the American populace, and the world at large. The prosecution settled on the extremism of the two anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolemeo Vanzetti. Conservatives were against liberals, socialists, and radical groups from Europe who protested against the electrocution of the anarchists. Although it was later substantiated through ballistics reports that Sacco was guilty, the prejudgment surrounding the case was palpable. The symbolic importance of the case exposed the nature of the rotten American society. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), with a membership base of around five million, had a nativist, white-supremacist philosophy that fur thered the tension experienced in 1920’s America. A profit-making scheme by two Atlanta entrepreneurs supported the activities of the KKK group through the provision of the required regalia. The group proposed Americanism, meaning that there was a widespread disregard for Blacks, Catholics, aliens, and even women. Their agenda to restore the nation’s lost limpidness appealed to the wider populace in several ways, although they were led by unethical and distrustful leaders whose sole aim was to make money. Their use of guerilla tactics such as threats and lynchings spread far to the masses and the political scene. On March 1925, KKK collapsed unexpectedly, especially after details of their political incorrectness emerged. Its activities were suppressed till the 1950s during the civil-rights activism period when it reemerged.

Audit in Podiary medicine Essays

Audit in Podiary medicine Essays Audit in Podiary medicine Paper Audit in Podiary medicine Paper Audit in Podiatry Medicine Auditing plays a very crucial role in organizations and not just in podiatry medicine. It is usually divided into two, where we have both internal and external audit. The role of internal audit is to â€Å"provide independent assurance that an organization’s risk management, governance and internal control processes are operating effectively† (Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). Internal auditors deal with issues that are pivotal to the survival and success of the organization. They look at such things as the organizations standing in society, the way the organization treats its employees, growth and development, and the organization’s impact on the environment. External auditors however, look at such issues like financial risks and statements of the organization (Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2008) describes Clinical audit as a â€Å"process of improving quality that tries to find a way to improve patient care and outcomes through systematic review of care against overt criteria and the implementation of change†. To do this, aspects of the structure, processes and outcomes of care given are selected and systematically evaluated against a clear-cut criteria. Where indicated, changes are implemented at an individual, team or service level. When conducting a clinical audit, some key notes need to be observed. These are: Firstly, clinical audit projects are best conducted within a structured program. They should have effective leadership and emphasis on team work and support and participation by all staff. Organizations should also know the fact that this kind of exercise requires enough funding. Another thing that organizations need to recognize is that improvements in care resulting in clinical audits can increase costs. The barrier that is cited as the most common in clinical audits is the failure by the organizations to provide enough protected time for the healthcare teams. Organizations should make sure that their healthcare staffs learn the skills of clinical audit, and that those involved in organizing audit programs must consider various methods of making sure that health service staff provide their full participation. Nice says that another key note is that clinical audit is used to improve aspects of care and is used to confirm that the current medical practice being offered meets the expected level of performance. Participation of staff is important especially in selecting topics because this enables concerns about care to be reported and addressed. This is not always necessary, but it may play a big role in reducing resistance to change. Lastly, since what is important to the patients that are receiving care are significantly different from those of clinicians, service users should therefore be involved in the clinical audit process (2008). According to the Board of Podiatric Medicine (2010), one of the roles that audit plays in podiatry medicine is the role of ensuring that doctors of podiatric medicine (DPMs) show continued capability in their work. According to section 2496 of the State Medical Practice Act, requirements for continued competence are specified and it authorizes the Board of Podiatric Medicine to adopt regulations to ensure the â€Å"continuing skill of persons licensed to practice podiatric medicine†. Every time a renewal is done, a DPM must officially state that he agrees with one of the following under punishment of false swearing, subject to audit: that the DPM, is required to have passed an exam administered by the board within the past ten years. He is to have passed an exam administered by an approved specialty board within the past ten years, to have completed an approved residency within the past ten years. He is also  required to have current, suitable or competent status with an approved specialty board. He is to have passed Part 111 exam administered by the National Boards within the past ten years, be recertified by an approved specialty board, and have completed an extended course of study approved by the board within the past five years. He should have granting/renewing healthcare facility privileges within the past five years. Audit is also important in podiatry medicine, because it helps keep doctors accountable to their patients. Though this is not common practice as such, there is one surgeon, Ernest Amory Codman MD (1869-1940) who employed this rule in his profession. Despite the fact that he was one of the best doctors of his time, even he made mistakes. The only difference between him and his counterparts was that instead of hiding his mistakes, he publicized them and chose instead to learn from them. It is said that he â€Å"recorded diagnostic and treatment errors and linked these errors to outcome in order to make improvements† (Neuhauser, 2002). He resigned from Massachusetts General Hospital where he was a staff and started his own private clinic called the â€Å"End Result Hospital†. The difference between Codman’s hospital and the average healthcare organization is that he admitted his errors in Print and in public. He published this report so that patients would be the ones to decide whether they would be able to receive quality care from him, and the outcome of the care provided. He sent copies of these reports to major hospitals throughout the country, challenging them also to follow his prints, but this did not happen. They would say that they were not allowed to do so by their lawyers. Another role that audit plays in this field of podiatry medicine is to improve the practice of the doctors. The General Medical Council advises that it is mandatory for all doctors to take part in regular and systematic medical and clinical audit. They are advised also that when doing this, they should record their data honestly, so that they are able to get the proper results and be able to improve their practice, by for example, taking part in further training. The UK Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, says that every registered practitioner is responsible for assisting the coordination of quality improvement initiatives such as clinical audits. Clinical audit is indeed an important exercise to carry out in one’s organization. According to the Royal Society of Psychiatrists (2009), the main reason that audits are done is to improve the service offered to users. They say that without some form of clinical audit, it is not easy for one to know whether they are doing the right thing or even practicing effectively. If you are not sure about this yourself, then it also becomes a difficult task to demonstrate to others that you are practicing effectively. Some of the benefits of clinical audit are audit helps to ensure that working relationships, communication and liaison between staff, staff and service users (the people who receive service from medical practitioners), and between agencies are improved.   It identifies and promotes good practice, and it may result to the improvement of service delivery and outcomes for users. Another benefit of doing clinical audits is that when performed, one is able to provide informat ion to show your users that your service is effective and pocket friendly, thus, ensure its development.   Audits provide opportunities for education and training. They help increase efficiency by ensuring that there is better use of the resources that are available. They also help in improving working relationships, communication among staff members, staff and service users and between agencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Audit is an avenue that medical professionals can use to retain the trust and respect of their patients especially in an era where the patients are becoming increasingly critical. This is one of the ways that they can establish and maintain confidence in the quality of clinical care that is being accorded to them. It is a quality improvement tool, and through it, one may be able to tell whether efforts are being made by medical professionals to give their patients high quality professional care. It is increasingly becoming an essential component of professional practice (Nice, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When done in the right way, audit has provided a way in which the quality of care that is given to patients by medical professionals can be assessed and reviewed objectively, within an approach that is supportive and developmental. All areas of professional practice have been subjected to questions and challenges due to changes in society. Clinical audit therefore provides medical practitioners with a way of responding that compares the care given to the best practice while keeping the central role of the clinical team in agreeing and implementing plans for change. Clinical governance provides a new challenge – â€Å"to take audit at its best and incorporate it within organization’s wide approaches to quality†. References Institute of Internal Auditors. (2010). What is an internal audit? Website, (online) Site: iia.org.uk/en/about_us/What_is_internal_audit.cfm Accessed 06/05/2010 NICE. (2008). Principles for Best Practice in Clinical Audit. Report (online). Site: nice.org.uk/media/796/23/BestPracticeClinicalAudit.pdf Accessed 12/4/2010 Royal Society of Psychiatrists. (2009). Clinical audit: what it is and what it isn’t. What is a Clinical Audit? Report (online).Site: rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/clinauditChap1.pdf Accessed 06/05/2010 Surrey and Sussex NHS Trust. (2006). Audit Committee, Terms of Reference: Report (online) Site: surreyandsussex.nhs.uk/about_us/documents/tors/tor-auditcommittee.pdf Accessed 06/05/2010 Neuhauser, D. (2002). Heroes and martyrs of quality and safety: Ernest Amory Codman. Quality Safety Health Care, 11, 104-105 (online). Site: http://qshc.bmj.com/content/11/1/104.full Accessed 06/05/2010 Sackett, DL., Rosenberg, WMC., Gray, JAM., Richardson, WS. (1996). Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312 ,71-72 (online). Site: http://ebnp.co.uk/What%20is%20EBP.htm Accessed 06/05/2010

Learn What a Dipole Is in Chemistry and Physics

Learn What a Dipole Is in Chemistry and Physics A dipole is a separation of opposite electrical charges. A dipole is quantified by its dipole moment  (ÃŽ ¼). A dipole moment is the distance between charges multiplied by the charge. The unit of the dipole moment is the Debye, where 1 Debye is 3.34Ãâ€"10−30  C  Ã‚ ·m. The dipole moment is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The direction of an electric dipole moment points from the negative charge toward the positive charge. The larger the difference in electronegativity, the greater the dipole moment. The distance separating  opposite electrical charges also affects the magnitude of the dipole moment. Types of Dipoles There are two types of dipoles electric dipoles and magnetic dipoles. An electric dipole occurs when positive and negative charges (like a proton and an electron or a cation and an anion) are separate from each other. Usually, the charges are separated by a small distance. Electric dipoles may be temporary or permanent. A permanent electric dipole is called an electret. A magnetic dipole occurs when there is a closed loop of electric current, such as a loop of wire with electricity running through it. Any moving electric charge also has an associated magnetic field. In the current loop, the direction of the magnetic dipole moment points through the loop using the right-hand grip rule. The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment is the current of the loop multiplied by the area of the loop. Examples of Dipoles In chemistry, a dipole usually refers to the separation of charges within a molecule between two covalently bonded atoms  or atoms that share an ionic bond. For example, a water molecule (H2O) is a dipole. The oxygen side of the molecule carries a net negative charge, while the side with the two hydrogen atoms has a net positive electrical charge. The charges of a molecule, like water, are partial charges, meaning they dont add up to the 1 for a proton or electron. All polar molecules are dipoles. Even a linear nonpolar molecule like carbon dioxide (CO2) contains dipoles. There is a charge distribution across the molecule in which charge is separated between the oxygen and carbon atoms. Even a single electron has a magnetic dipole moment. An electron is a moving electrical charge, so it has a small current loop and generates a magnetic field. Although it may seem counter-intuitive, some scientists believe a single electron may also possess an electric dipole moment! A permanent magnet is magnetic because of the magnetic dipole moment of the electron. The dipole of a bar magnet points from its magnetic south to its magnetic north. The only known way to make magnetic dipoles is by forming current loops or via quantum mechanics spin. The Dipole Limit A dipole moment is defined by its dipole limit. Essentially this means the distance between charges converges to 0 while the strength of the charges diverges to infinity. The product of the charge strength and separating distance is a constant positive value. Dipole as an Antenna In physics, another definition of a dipole is an antenna that is a horizontal metal rod with a wire connected to its center.

I will attach the article i choiced from the five articles i have Essay

I will attach the article i choiced from the five articles i have online. follow the instruction in the details and write a discussion - Essay Example The article also relates to the article I chose by Mark Joslin which rules out the effectiveness of the treatment provided in rehabilitation centers. The article I chose is based on logic arguments on the effectiveness on a brain focused treatment of addiction. The article provides concrete evidence on the effectiveness of the treatment by Dr. Sponaugle. The author of the article first recognizes the fact that rehabs do not provide addicts with full treatment. This is presented in real cases where patients’ experience relapses shortly after coming out from rehabs. From the article I increased my knowledge on the most effective approach to cure drug addiction. Prior to the information provided in the article, one believed in the effectiveness of the treatment provided in rehabilitation centers. From the information provided by Joslin, it is interesting to understand the fact that the brain provides the most appropriate centers for addiction treatment. By analyzing different areas of the brain Dr. Sponaugle could be able to cure the deficiency in brain stimulation. By understanding the parts of the brain he was able to come up with mechanisms of correction which were long term. In an argument by Cosgrove (2010) the number of addicts in the United States are increasing rapidly with more youths are increasingly abusing drugs. Additionally, the situation is made worse by the fact that most people believe in the treatment provided in rehabilitation centers. Addicts subjected to this treatment only have short term addiction free status (Cosgrove, 2010). Most of them have relapses after few weeks of treatment. From this argument it is an obvious assumption that the treatment provided in rehabs is not effective enough to lead an addict to full recovery. Additionally, full recovery from addiction requires a neurological approach as

Ethical Issues related to the police use of force Research Paper

Ethical Issues related to the police use of force - Research Paper Example However, cases of using too much and illegalized force should decrease since there are new tactics of restricting suspects from their immoral behaviors (Safrath, 2011). In the past days of policing, the street police used force as a tactic of maintaining law and order and making their will obligatory. In the early 1960s, research shows that the police used too much force in the rebellions and disturbances caused by some people. However, the use of force by the police depends on the roles and responsibilities of the police. This means that some of the police in some departments do not exercise force in maintaining their duties since it is not ethically legal. On the other hand, some departments exercise the use of police force and it is sometimes mandatory for these departments to apply force. For instance, in case of riots and rebellion, the police needs to use force in order to maintain law and keep peace (Sagepub.com, 2008). In the United States, the police often exercise force in approximately 2 million cases per year. Each year, the police use force in over 3,600 occasions resulting to a mean of 600 people being killed (Huebsch, 2011). Police use of force is ethically justifiable for policing actions since it helps in maintaining and exercising their discretion. However, with these well-known ethical rules, the police cannot yet determine the infringement since most of them cannot be predictable by the rules. The domestic police and the military police often had common characteristics and same ethical standards. For instance, sometimes they necessitate on using excessive amount of force where required and sometimes they do not require to use force at all (Huebsch, 2011). This paper will analyze the ethical issues associated with police use of force. It will seek to establish whether it is ethically justifiable for police to use force. It is ethically justifiable for the police to exercise force in maintaining law and order. Police officers are

The Great depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Great depression - Essay Example People were still withdrawing money from banks which compelled other banks to close. This resulted in closing industry because capital was either with stock exchange or banks. Closure of business and industry left many people jobless. These homes were made of newspaper and cardboards (Watkins 46). Dust storm was named dust bawl that affected farmers and they were unable to feed themselves. Drought eliminated grass from the planes. Depression affected millions of people in America and they could not find jobs. Shantytown was housing made for people who could not afford house. It was free so many people moved to shantytown (McElvaine 34). Depression occurred during rule of president Hoover and he was made responsible by people for great depression in America. Roosevelt won the presidential elections of 1932 and became president of America. He brought major shift in policies to get the country out of immense crisis (Watkins 69). People had many expectations from Roosevelt and he introduced certain reforms to overcome depression. Banks were asked to reopen once they overcome the financial crisis. The policies and programs introduced by Roosevelt were known as the â€Å"New Deal†. These programs helped farmers including other programs like Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Works Progress Administration. People were hired for different projects for reducing unemployment (Watkins 73). After success of these programs, Roosevelt became hero and got fame in the masses. Roosevelt considered his efforts very important for ending great depression. However, it is still not clear that how much New Deal contributed towards ending great depression in America. Some ease was brought by the â€Å"New Deal† but economy was still struggling for revival by end of 1930s. Second World War was a turning point for American economy (McElvaine 51). Especially, the attack on Pearl Harbor and entering of country in World

New York State report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New York State report - Essay Example (Cuomo, 2012) Using the $10 billion dollar waiver awarded, the state plans on transforming the health care system of its people through the MRT plan. Some of the key issues outlined in the waiver include: expansion of high quality primary health care, grants to increase health homes for patients in need of extensive health care and facilities, strategies to increase Medicaid savings in the long-term and evaluation of ongoing and new MRT initiatives to ensure that public funds are not embezzled. The plans will ensure that health insurance becomes affordable through reduction of insurance premiums, pulling of resources together to reduce individual costs like coinsurance, copayments and deductibles and providing credits to ease the purchase of the insurance cover for low income earners. The benefits of these reforms are numerous. First, it reduces the high cost of Medicare due to the spread of costs among many people. Pooling of risks and costs among many people will result to lower premium rates and therefore, all costly health care would be affordable to all people. Secondly, a good health system will result in higher productivity since the labor force is healthy. Lastly, people under the insurance cover seek medical attention regularly; this reduces the chances of illnesses occurring and the general cost of the health care. Health insurance exchanges refer to marketplaces where individuals and small businesses can compare and buy health insurance. The exchanges will be accessible through physical offices, phone lines and websites. There are four categories of coverage offered by insurers: platinum, gold, silver and bronze with platinum being the most costly while bronze being the cheapest. The following grants were awarded to the state of New York to develop the Exchange program: Exchange Planning Grant, Early Innovator Grant and Exchange Establishment Grant. (Slavik & Webb, n.d.) The law requires

Early History and the Struggle for Resources Essay

Early History and the Struggle for Resources - Essay Example This environmental injustice has resulted from the high technological development in the region (Pellow & Park, 2002). This chapter has provided a historical basis to explain how immigrants, people of color, and other labor providing people in the valley have experienced conflicts of environmental justice in the Silicon Valley. Natives have been robbed of their natural resources. They are not entitled to their citizenship right thus denying them political power and exposing them to slavery and exploitation (Pellow & Park, 2002). The chapter challenges the assumption that environmental injustice is a recent phenomenon by highlighting how people of color and immigrants have been fighting for centuries (Pellow & Park, 2002). In 1769, a certain group of people occupied the Silicon Valley and began controlling and degrading its natural resources like water, minerals, and land (Pellow & Park, 2002). These actions exposed immigrants and people of color to environmental risks. The chapter concludes by tracing the Spanish conquest, the devastation of Native American populations and Bay Area Ecosystems to be the origin of environmental injustice (Pellow & Park, 2002). Since their occurrence, natural resources and human labor exploitations have been building on each other. Assignment: Read chapter 2 "The Silicon Valley of Dreams" Subtitle: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy... Author by David Naguib Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park and provide a one page summary that includes the following: Introduction, Body and

Digital investigation in the organisation Essay

Digital investigation in the organisation - Essay Example Different models of operation used depend on the complexity of the situation (Marshall, 2009). Digital investigations arise as a result of an occurrence suspected, attempted or actual in an organization. The occurrences can be triggered by internal and external factors and can cause considerable damage or loss to an organization directly or indirectly. For instance a. Abuse of the organizations resources such as internet b. Fraud and distortion c. Unauthorized access by employees d. Sexual harassment or display of indecent or pornographic material e. Breach of contracts f. Departmental misuse g. Security breach A contingency plan should be devised to mitigate such incidences. A framework formulated will prepare for both low frequency/high impact as well as high frequency/low impact events in the organization. This paper details investigation procedure at Salford university school of computing science and Engineering. Our case study will focus on server intrusion in the university sch ool department. An incident of server intrusion to the university system occurred, and a contingency plan formulated to authenticate the suspicion, respond and analyze the incident. Due to the delicate nature of digital evidence improper handling may lead to damaged or compromised data. The idea of having to start an investigation in this department can lead to a crisis. Proper procedures need to be laid down to manage the crisis. There are general questions, which the CFA will need to address in order to carry out the investigation successfully. a) Who should the initial suspicions or observations be reported? b) Access of quality evidence? c) Identification and acquisition of relevant digital evidence? d) How the university can operate effectively during the period of investigation without creating a crisis which might be worse than the one investigated? e) The legal obligations of the university needed during the investigation and association with external law enforcement agencie s f) The role of management in determining the direction of the investigation and the possible incidence of biasness. A digital investigation divided into different stages according to the model adopted. Researchers at the U. S. Air Force studied various models and came up with common characteristics that characterize these models. They then incorporated them in a single model known as Abstract Process Model. It contains different phases; this model has 17 phases classified into 5 major groups (Gilbert Peterson, 2009). a. Preparation b. Deployment c. Physical crime scene d. Digital crime scene e. Analysis The data flow diagram above show a simplified process of forensic investigation. The first stage involves a number of activities. First, the computer or the system to be investigated should be on. If the student uses password, then the CFA has to look for a way to open it. There is a universal password that opens locked computers without tempering with the files. The second stage i nvolves application of different forensic tools to retrieve data from the computer memory. The tools used should enable the CFA to retrieve deleted data from the recycle bin. During this process, the computer being investigated should be cordoned. The third stage involves application of different physical investigation models to the computer. These include taking the finger prints on the keyboard and mouse. Any other information that may help the CFA is taken. Before the information is analyzed, the forensic expert should check the accuracy, integrity and

Early History and the Struggle for Resources Essay

Early History and the Struggle for Resources - Essay Example This environmental injustice has resulted from the high technological development in the region (Pellow & Park, 2002). This chapter has provided a historical basis to explain how immigrants, people of color, and other labor providing people in the valley have experienced conflicts of environmental justice in the Silicon Valley. Natives have been robbed of their natural resources. They are not entitled to their citizenship right thus denying them political power and exposing them to slavery and exploitation (Pellow & Park, 2002). The chapter challenges the assumption that environmental injustice is a recent phenomenon by highlighting how people of color and immigrants have been fighting for centuries (Pellow & Park, 2002). In 1769, a certain group of people occupied the Silicon Valley and began controlling and degrading its natural resources like water, minerals, and land (Pellow & Park, 2002). These actions exposed immigrants and people of color to environmental risks. The chapter concludes by tracing the Spanish conquest, the devastation of Native American populations and Bay Area Ecosystems to be the origin of environmental injustice (Pellow & Park, 2002). Since their occurrence, natural resources and human labor exploitations have been building on each other. Assignment: Read chapter 2 "The Silicon Valley of Dreams" Subtitle: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy... Author by David Naguib Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park and provide a one page summary that includes the following: Introduction, Body and

Analysis Of Cultural Landscape Essay Example for Free

Analysis Of Cultural Landscape Essay Cultural landscapes fall into three main categories. The most easily identifiable is the clearly defined landscape designed and created intentionally by man. The second category is the organically evolved landscape. The final category is the associative cultural landscape. Here the analysis is on Metropolis at Metrotown, which comes under the former category. Metropolis at Metrotown is a giant mall located in Burnaby, the third largest city in British Columbia by population, geographically sits in-between Vancouver and Port Coquitlam. The city is located just outside of downtown Vancouver and has evolved from a bedroom community to an urban centre and has lots to offer, from unique shopping areas, theatre productions, sports events and many more. The city has a mix of different religions and cultures. The ethnic identity is clearly visible in the city, northern parts of Hastings Street being well catered to Italian population, and south, Metrotown area with the mix of origins from China, South Korea and Yugoslavia. The time when SkyTrain, an automated train with advanced rapid transit technology, was constructed in the middle of 1980s, the dramatic development has started across the lengths and breadths of Burnaby, especially along Kingsway. This lead to the establishment of Metrotown Center in 1986, and consequently the residential areas around the commercial complex stood up in no time. Formerly the Shopping Mall was called as Metrotown Eaton Centre. But when Eaton was shutdown removing its stake, the Metropolis combined with Metrotown to form a single entity. Today this mega mall is the second largest in Canada. Today the expansion of the mega mall plays a major factor in the generation of economy and revenue from foreign exchange. The mall boasts the standard of living of the population in the city by giving employment. Job opportunities in the retail sector are expected to increase with about 97,000 new positions becoming available by 2011. Opportunities for retail sales associates, supervisors, and managers are expected to grow over the next eight years. The policy of recruitment is compliant with Human Rights Code, and prohibits discrimination in employment due to race, national or ethnic origin, citizenship, religion, age, sex, marital status, disability, language or record of offences. This mall plays a major role as one of the attractions of tourism. The mall offers attractive tourism programs like out-of-Town visitors, Group Travel Program, Meeting Planners and Sports Organizers, Hotel Shopping Packages. With the evolution of cross culture from different walks of the people, the globalization gave the speed to the spread of multi-national products in the city that never seen before. And these lead many more markets to see the light of the sun. This giant hall has around 220 shops, three department stores, multiplex theatres, restaurants, business offices, library, dental clinic, banks, cafes, spas and many more. The raise of public transportation in the form of Buses and SkyTrain emerged for the giant mall’s accessibility. And these add to the income generation from the parking and gas consumption. With the success of retail market, Government is benefiting in the form of Tax on the services and products. This giant mall is now touching the people from various walks of life. From the sales representatives to the market analysts , software engineers to librarians , cosmeticians to dentists, fashion designers to art suppliers, customer care executives , and the list goes on. If some people come to spend time in leisure, others come for partying. Round the clock this mall entertains the public with attractive events. Some of the annual events which include Clearance sales, Job fairs make the place the hot spot in the city. And the calendar always offers some new events to celebrate for the public like Fashion Shows, Music Awards, Contests and the list goes on. The mall is equipped with all necessary services to provide the public with the best shopping experience. The range of services include strollers, baby care in the food court, a nursing room, family washroom equipped with a baby change station and a Jellybean Park Play care. For giving the accessibility to all age groups, the mall provides wheelchairs on loan with free of cost. And sophisticated facilities are provided to the public to make their shopping enjoyable. Automated doors are located at most of the major entrances which includes Kingsway entrance, Real Canadian Superstore, Central Boulevard to name a few. It is also equipped with Passenger elevators. And modern, comfortable, and clean washrooms are available and they are also wheelchair accessible. Metrotown Food court caters tasteful food to public from various cultures and geographies. It is a very grand food court than the food courts of other malls in Burnaby. One can find Thai food, or a Korean cuisine ,or a restaurant making Caesar salad from Opa , along with the well known Burger King or AW. The giant mall provides community rooms for the charities and non-profit organizations to make use of the infrastructure for the welfare of the community. Not only that, each year Metropolis at Metrotown donates nearly $1 million to charities and non-profit organizations, without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or creed, to enhance the lives of the people in the community. Today the giant mall is one of the integral parts of the society and plays a significant role in the citys economy and touches the lives of the people around the world, round the clock. References Anonymous (n. d) BCIT Retail Marketing Management Program . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://metropolis. shopping. ca/cambridge/jsp3/wh_ga. jsp? mallid=met Anonymous (June, 2007) Metrotown Food Court . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://vancouvereatsout. com/metrotown-food-court/ Anonymous (n. d) Tourism Programs . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://metropolis. shopping. ca/cambridge/jsp3/fp_01. jsp? mallid=metsectid=wh Anonymous (n. d) Cultural Landscapes Categories and Subcategories . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://whc. unesco. org/en/culturallandscape/

Post Harvest Management of Fruits

Post Harvest Management of Fruits India, a place of variations of different agroclimatic regions, rich in diversified horticultural flora. India being the largest producer of fruits and second largest producer of vegetables. But unfortunately the average Indian remains aloof from the basic requirements of fruits and vegetables. As a result of which there is a huge gap between gross production and net availability. All these is because of the inefficient post harvest management ,a significant portion of production is lost after harvest. Post harvest losses accounts to approximately 25 – 30 % of production. Just to feed the bursting population of india, maximising alone the production and productivity will not be enough. Efficient post harvest handling and processing is mere essential to make available more food (fruits) to the mankind. Post harvest losses of fruits: Post harvest losses of fruits can be defined as a loss in quantity or quality or both that occurs after harvest and till the produce reaches to the consumers. There may be physical loss, physiological loss or biological losses. Physical loss: it occurs due to injury in fruits at the time of harvesting,handling and transportation. Physiological loss: it occurs due to physiological processes of respiration and transpiration. Transpirational loss of moisture results in shriveled appearance of the commodities. Biological losses: it occurs due to macrobiological and microbiological agents like bacteria, fungi ,yeast etc. Post harvest management practices: Sorting or grading: Sorting is done in order to discard rotten, damaged, diseased, misshaped and overriped fruits before spreading infection to other healthy commodities. Grading is a form of grouping the fruits according to the firmness, cleanliness, size, weight, colour, shape and maturity. Washing: The produce is cleaned or washed in order to remove the dirt, dust ,insects, moulds .exception – onion, garlic, okra, mushroom are not washed. For surface decontamination , Chlorinated water(100 ppm) is effective.after this,the fruits are again washed with clean water. Curing: Curing is a means of natural wound healing process. It is a process of forming a corky layer against water loss and infection. Waxing: It is a process of application of waxy layer on the skin of the fruits to reduce moisture loss, shrievelling and to extend the storage life. Paraffin wax, carnauba wax and various resins are common types of waxes used. Waxol is a common coating material. Pre-cooling: The process of removal of heat from the just harvested fruits particularly during hot weather is called pre cooling. It helps in decreasing the transpiration rate, respiration rate,ripening providing an ease to transport and storage. The methods are room cooling, forced air cooling, hydro cooling, vacuum cooling etc. Hot water treatment: It is a process of eradicating or killing the infectious organism on several fruits. For inactivation of infection by Phytopthora sp. In tomato and oranges , Colletotrichum in papaya, mango and crown rot in banana , dip in hot water at 50+- 2degree C for 1-2 minutes. Hot water treatment of mango results in uniform ripening. Vapour heat treatment: It is termed as an ecofriendly treatment mostly applicable for fruit flies mostly mango. It is initially expensive and cannot be used much by small and marginal farmers. Total treatment time for mangoes is approximately 195 minutes. Regulation of ripening: Ripening of fruits like mango, banana can be regulated or is carried out in special treatment rooms with controlled temperatures with low application of ethylene. Release of ethylene occurs where fruits along with etherel alkaline solution is placed in a closed chamber. Ripening process is delayed and extension of shelf life is done by removing ethylene from storage atmosphere using ethylene absorbent. Packaging: Packaging is a process to assemble the produce into convenient units of handling and to protect the produce during distribution , storage and marketting. It is a means of prolonging the storage life. For packaging cushioning materials should be used.(paper shreds, paddy straw, thermocole). Packaging of fresh produce is done with bamboo baskets, sacks, wooden or plastic crates etc. corrugated fibre board(CFB)cartons being polar now a days for transport of fruits as they are of lighter weight and cheaper cost. Aseptic packaging, modified atmospheric packaging and controlled packaging are some new innovations of packaging. Transportation: It is a phase of movement of fruits from one place to another, performed by, means of rail,truck,airplane and ship.effective transportation doesnot help if there is no proper handling.in many developed countries pallets are used for trading of horticultural produce. Marketting: Fruits have a high degree of perishability so marketting problems are more in fruits. NHB(National horticultural board) provides good market intelligence service for horticultural products.NDDB, HOPCOM are few of marketting organizations for benefit of growers and consumers. Storage The process of maintaining life processes of fruits upto a required level till it reaches the consumers avoiding market glut is called storage. Methods: Refrigerated storage – storage of perishable commodities at the lowest temperature without any chilling injury is refrigerated storage.it strongly retards moisture loss and spoilage by microorganisms. Controlled or modified storage- it is a process of adjusting the atmospheric composition of air surrounding the fruits different from that of normal air. it involves reduction in O2 and elevation of CO2 concentrations. Hypobaric storage- it is a form of storage in which the produce is stored in partial vacuum.it is maintained to the desired low pressure by vacuum pump. It is limited to high value crops. Zero energy cool chamber- this zero energy cool chamber works on the principle of evaporative cooling using locally available materials like brick, sand and bamboo.as compared to surrounding atmosphere the temperature in the chamber is less. Conclusion : Post harvest loss is even more serious than that of production loss. It is impossible to deny from complete protection of post harvest losses but it can be minimized to some extent by following some of the modern cultural,harvesting,handling,marketting and processing techniques. Thus it must be kept in mind that operationalization of improved post harvest technologies must be intensively developed in our country through technology refinement, industrial liasion so that we don’t face any productive losses and people can acquire nutrients from fruits to the most , as per requirements. References.: Name of the books 1. Post harvest management of horticultural crops. Edited by M.A. MIR, G.M. BEIGH, HAFIZA AHSAN QUAZI NISSAR AHMAD, H.R.NAIK,A.H. RATHER. 2. Basics of horticulture. Editor – K.V Peter. Chapter no. 11. Post harvest management of fruits and vegetables, page no 497-506. Champ ,b.r ,highley ,E and Johnson ,G.I 1993. Post harvest handling of tropical fruits .proceedings of International conference held at Chiang mai,Thailand 19-13 july 1993. Mitra ,S.K .1997. postharvest physiology and storage of tropical and subtropical fruits CAB international new york. Salunkhe, D.K and Desai ,B.B 1984 post harvest biotechnology of fruits. Vol1 2 .CRC press, florida. Rao , S.D .V 2004 pre storage treatment for minimisation of post harvest losses in fruits . training manual on minimisation of post harvest losses in fruits organised by IIHR, bangalore.

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley :: Papers

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley An Inspector Calls is set in 1912, and was written in 1947. During these years between these dates, Britain was involved in two world wars, which turned the world upside down and disrupted the old orders forever. Already an established writer, playwright and broadcaster, particularly known for his moral-boosting wartime broadcasts, J.B priestly used his reputation to explore the clash of the old and new orders and the difference between the upper and the lower class. He drew attention to the complacency of Britain after the Industrial Revolution and before the World Wars, supported gathering socialists movement, which began to see the world as a place where all shares responsibility for all. This contrasted with the view that each person is only responsible for him or herself and their family. Priestly sort to warn his audiences of the threat posed by carrying on as before, putting too much faith in outdated values and institutions. The first audiences of 'An Inspector Calls' were receptive to new ideas, which could mend the misery and deprivation of a war-torn nation. This was a society hungry to find ways forward to a better future. The contrast between these views continues in the present-day British politics. In 1987, just three years after Priestly died, Margaret Thatcher who was Prime Minister at the time said, 'There is no such thing as society,' Priestly, like other thinkers of his time, was extremely interested in the brain and the way the mind works. Psychologists explored ideas why we are like we are, what motivate us, and how life events mould our character. Priestly play demonstrates his fascination with the mind as he systematically makes the Inspector penetrate the private thought and consciences of the characters. Priestly cleverly moves us through a jolly gathering dominated by the pompous Arthur Birling to unearth events that reveal some of the worst aspects of the characters. His play is chilling and full of suspense. The pattern the plot is taking becomes more apparent so early on in the play, which makes it more

The Life Of John F. Kennedy :: essays research papers

The Life of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. He attended Harvard University and graduated in 1940. From 1941-1945 he served in the United States Navy, during World War II. In 1946 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. Then in 1952 he was elected to the United States Senate. On September 12, 1953 he was married to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier. Then in 1960 he was elected President of the United States. On November 22, 1963 he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. John grew up in Boston, Massachusetts. His father Joseph P. Kennedy, was a self-made millionaire. During the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he served as the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and as United States Ambassador to Great Britain. During John's childhood, his family often moved. Some of these moves sent the family into New York. All of the Kennedy children developed a strong competitive spirit. The boys enjoyed playing touch football together. John Kennedy's education included elementary schools in Brookline and Riverdale. By the age of thirteen his father sent him to the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. He then transferred to Choate Academy in Wallingford, Connecticut, and graduated in 1935 at eight-teen years old. In 1936, after a summer in England, John entered Princeton University. After Christmas, of that same year, he developed jaundice. Then in 1936 he entered Harvard University. At Harvard he majored in government and international relations. In 1940 he graduated from Harvard. He then enrolled at Stanford University, but dropped out after only six months. After serving in the United States Navy, where he won the Navy and Marine Corps Medal as the skipper of a PT boat in World War II, John decided to enter government. In 1946, he ran for the House of Representatives and won the election over his Republican opponent. He was reelected to the House in both 1948 and 1950. In 1952, he ran for the United States Senate. He defeated his opponent Henry Lodge, who was a popular and experienced legislator. After the 1956 Presidential election he decided to try to run for the upcoming 1960 Presidential election. In 1960 John Kennedy ran in the Presidential Election. His opponent, Richard M. Nixon, was a popular person, he had previously been the vice-president under Dwight Eisenhower. Together they became the first Presidential opponents to debate face-to-face on television. John Kennedy won the election. During his years as president, John helped pass a number of laws. He also established the United States Peace Corps, through

The duty and role of the producer

As far as the market is concerned, there is the existence of a diverse range of products that are meant for the purposes of human consumption. The duty and role of the producer is to come up with a product to be disposed through the process of marketing to the ultimate consumer. By so doing the goals as well as the objectives of the producer is the generation of profit.It therefore applies that the question of the safety as well as the health issues of the product is not the concern of the producer but a matter of personal issue of the determination of the side effect as well as the harm that may be associated with the consumption of the product.Majority of the products in the market that are meant for consumption are generally unhealthy as well as a cause of death to the human beings. In the consideration of the range of the products that poses health risk to the consumer from the range of fast foods to the tobacco products, the list can only be considered to be endless.However, all these products are usually promoted in the market through the process of advertising, highlighting the best side of the product while the knowledge about the harmful effects is in most cases concealed. However the consequent actions of the consumer are entirely blamed on the advertisement.Advertising is generally understood as the act as well as the practice of creating the awareness of the product to the consumer in view of influencing the behavior of the consumer in favor of the product. It is purely wrong to place the blame of the actions of the consumer on advertising.This kind of situation can be equated to blaming an individual who is entitled to his or her own views. The advertising agencies and the product owners should instead, take the blame. Across the majority of cultures and especially the United States the responsibility of the personal choice has been eroded and people otherwise point fingers in alternative directions (Fox 98).The concept of advertising forms a major segment in as far as the society is concerned. Through advertising, the public attention with regard to the existing products, the needs as well as the services is sensitized. There exists no boundary as to the effects aroused by the practice of advertisement with regard to the potential harm inflicted on the body of the individual.The advertising companies push the harmful products to the disposal of the user. It should however be remembered that the ultimate use reserves the final judgment with regard to the use or abstinence from the use of the product. In contrast to this fact, it has been evident that majority of the people have laid the poor choices made by the consumers on the advertising companies.The tobacco as well as the alcohol industries is among the most notable industries that have been the target in as far as the blames of this category are concerned. The concept of personal responsibilities among the majority of people have been eroded, a situation that has resulte d to the consideration of the advertising industry as a scapegoat for the poor associated with the consumers (Goodrum 145).It is an obvious fact that the majority of the individuals will be adamant in as far as the issue of admitting to the reality is concerned but all in all connecting advertisement to the wrong judgment of the consumer is not justified.This can only be taken as the absence of the potential capacity of the individual to exercise personal responsibility with regard to the choices that the individual is in a position to take as well as implement. To exonerate themselves, the poor choice of the consumer is pegged on advertising as the scapegoat.It is a common practice for people with weak willpower to blame others for the poor judgments that they make. The process of making coherent decisions is rooted in the potential capacity for the people to shoulder their personal responsibilities.The fact that an advertisement has been aired is not an implication that it should be wholly embraced but rather the individual is at liberty to enjoy or disdain the product targeted by the advertisement (Fox 158).

Health Care Spending Paper Essay

This paper will include: the current health care expenditures whether spending is too much or not enough, where the nation should add or cut, how the public’s health care needs are paid and provide a forecast for: the future economic needs, why these needs must be addressed, how I envision these needs will be financed and conclusion. Current Health Expenditures Health care costs have been rising for several years. Expenditures in the United States on health care surpassed $2.3 trillion in 2008, more than three times the $714 billion spent in 1990, and over eight times the $253 billion spent in 1980. Stemming this growth has become a major policy priority, as the government, employers, and consumers increasingly struggle to keep up with health care cost. Hospital spending, the largest share of overall health care spending, is a major driver of increased costs The current national expenditure have tripled over the last decade especially in hospital care, physician/clinical services and drug ( Kaiser, 2010). The United States is at an all time high in health care. In the health care system there are some factors that contribute to this increase. It is getting to the point that more and more Americans cannot afford health care, because of the cost of health care is getting harder to maintain for their families. Whether Spending is too much or not enough It is difficult to pin point one exact factor why spending is escalating. The chart below states that hospital care, physician/clinical services and prescription drugs are where the most spending is taking place (Kaiser, 2010). This shows we are spending too much, especially in these top three categories listed. When health care cost is steadily increasing, so we are spending a great deal in the list above. National Health Expenditures, 2008 [pic] Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Office of the Actuary, National Health Statistics Group Where the Nation Should Add or Cut Medicare and Medicaid account for a significant share of health care spending (Kaiser, 2010) and also according to the above chart we could cut in the hospital care, physician/clinical services and prescription drugs. This is why we need to cut as far as the nation is concerned because these government programs Medicare and Medicaid are funding health cost at a steady growth. We have to work on controlling this program before it controls us. If we do not start cutting from somewhere we will be in a serious deficit for health care in the United States. Then we need to cut prescription drugs cost, so it can be affordable to everyone, so the government needs to intercede the pharmaceutical companies closely to manage this expense. How the Public’s Health Care needs are Paid Although Americans benefit from many of the investments in health care, the recent rapid cost growth, coupled with an overall economic slowdown and rising federal deficit, is placing great strains on the systems used to finance health care, including private employer-sponsored health insurance  coverage and public insurance programs such as Medicare and Medicaid ( Kaiser, 2010 ). The public’s health care payments are paid by Medicaid and Medicare if eligible for this government health program and other private health insurance companies, for example: Blue cross and Blue Shield, Aetna, Cigna and United Health Care are just a few the public health care is paid. There are some people who pay out of pocket, whether they can afford it or not. Forecast: the Future Economic needs Scott Donahue, vice president of Triple Tree healthcare advisory group, agrees, pointing to statistics such as those found in the 2009 PricewaterhouseCoopers Health Research Institute study that revealed nearly one half of the $2.2 trillion the United States spends each year on healthcare is wasted. â€Å"While it is impossible to point to any single breakdown contributing to the waste, it is clear from the study’s findings that this is an industry that has significantly underutilized technology to improve efficiencies,† he says, adding that cloud computing could help mend a healthcare system that is stuck in the inefficiencies and limitations found in older legacy systems (Chavis, 2011). There needs to be an investment in our technology system for health care for example: electronic medical records (EMR) to better serve the patients and technology that is being required to give quality service and modify the provider’s wages, since in the hospital this is the biggest cost. This is a start in the direction to accommodate the Americans who cannot afford health care. These small changes can contribute to a clear forecast in health care. Forecast: why these needs must be address This issue needs to be address because health care cost is soaring and if we do not intercept and make some real changes the American people will not afford medical services. The health provider’s and facilities are making big money and they need to work with the people to help with this expense we have made. The government can help by fine tuning the Medicare and Medicaid  program, so people can benefit fairly from it. We need to get proactive in prevention, so we our bodies will stay healthy for a long life. Forecast: how I envision these needs will be financed I envision a new administration making some major changes to make health care affordable for all Americans. The private insurance companies will need to work on some alternative health care package to their consumers for health care cost. The government in Washington to stop thinking of them and focus on health care cost, so all can manage health expense and get continued quality care also. Conclusion The bottom line we need to concentrate on cutting cost of health care and quality care, which we all deserve as human beings. There is not just one factor that contributes to the health expenditure but several pieces to this puzzle that makes this a major health cost issue. We need to find ways to decrease spending too much, so people can benefit from their health plan. The nation should consider cutting hospital care, clinical services and prescription drugs, since these are the top expenses for health care. This would definitely clear a path for reduced cost. The public can barely afford to pay premiums to their private health insurance companies but if they want coverage they have to pay. The one’s who qualify for Medicare and Medicaid will get help from this government program for health care cost and yes some people still pay out of pocket to maintain their health conditions. Technology is one investment to keep up with the growing health care needs of people. We must address these health cost concerns or they will get out of control, so we need to be proactive getting health care financially in shape to accommodate medical service to all. I envision that all people will be covered by health care regardless of economic background. Americans need to get resources to take better care of their health and invest in prevention, so our health will not result in a chronic illness or an incurable disease. Then maybe the law makers in Washington will make sound  decision about our health care plan from other health care providers, so we can benefit and help with cost diminishing. References Access My Library. (2004). Health Care Spending Hits 1.6 Trillion in 2002, Rising More Than Twice as Fast as U.S. Economy. Retrieved from http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19942976_ITM Chavis, S. (2011). Cloudy Forecast for Health. For the Record, 23(4), 10. Getzen, T., Moore, J. (2007). Wiley Pathways health care Economics (1st. ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Kaiser. (2010). U.S. Health Care Costs. Retrieved from http://www.kaiseredu.org/Issue- Modules/US-Health-Care-Costs/Background-Brief.aspx#.

History of the Middle East

CW43: The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001 Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1900–45 Conflict |Causes of conflict |Presence and influence of other actors and |Changing Arab-Israeli relationships |Proposed solutions | | | |international events | | | |World War One |Misperceptions |Actors: Ottoman Empire |Jewish settlements |Paris Peace Conference | |Britain and Arabs ally against the Ottoman|Unaware of the details of the Sykes-Picot |Until 1917, retention of Arab customs in |Lovers of Zion; Rishon-le-Zion; more than 40 |Arabs should have the right to national | |Empire; expectation from the Arabs that |Agreement and the Balfour Declaration; Britain’s|Palestine |Zionist settlements in Palestine by 1914; Jewish|self-determination; need for a major power| |they would get Palestine in return; |support for both them and Zionism | |population doubled between |to help them run their new country; | |Hussein-McMahon letters | |Actors: Britain |1922–29 |Britain received the mandate to look after| | |Arab disagreement with various proposals: |Balfour Declaration; given a mandate over | |Palestine, also confirmed that the terms | |Political conflict |verdict of Paris Peace Conference |Palestine by the Paris Peace Conference; helped |Reasons for migration |of the Balfour Declaration should apply to| |Emir Feisal becomes king of an Arab state |Decision to include the Balfour Declaration in |the Jews build up their military forces such as |Influence of Rothschild; Herzl and the Zionist |the new country | |consisting of Palestine, Lebanon, |the way n which Palestine was to be governed; |the Hagannah and the Irgun Zvai Leumi |Congress in 1897; Jewish National Fund | | |Transjordan and Syria; publicly opposes |Peel Report – proposed a Jewish state and an | | |Peel Report | |Zionist migration; Arab parties unite to |Arab state |Actors: King-Crane Commission |Wartime immigration |Palestine should be divided into a Jewish | |form th e Arab Higher Committee; Ben | |Concluded that the case for a Zionist presence |Jews smuggled in by ship: the Struma |state and an Arab state; Britain to keep | |Gurion’s conference at the Biltmore Hotel |Rate of settlement |should be dropped; findings ignored by Paris | |control of the area around Jerusalem | |calls for the immediate creation of a |Herbert Samuel’s influence; Jewish population |Peace Conference | | | |Jewish state in Palestine |doubled between 1922–29 | | |1939 White Paper | | | |Actors: France | |Jewish immigration to be limited to 75,000| |Civil disobedience |Extreme Zionism |King Feisal started attacking the French; French| |over the next five years; no more | |1936 general strike |Vladimir Jabotinsky, demonstration near the |removed him from Syria and Lebanon | |immigration without Arab consent | | |Mosque of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem | | | | |Arab-Israeli violence | |Actors:Herbert Samuel | |1942 Biltmore Programme | |Protest again st Samuel’s decision; 1929 |Jewish dissatisfaction |British Jew, High Commissioner of Palestine; | |Calls for the immediate creation of a | |massacre; Irgun planted bombs and shot |Anger at the 1939 White Paper in light of the |16,500 Jews to be allowed to settle in Palestine| |Jewish state in Palestine | |Arabs in response to the White Paper |Nazi threat |in 1920 | | | | | | | | | |Arab-British violence | |Events: First World War; Paris Peace Conference | | | |1937–39 rebellion | | | | | | | | | | | |Jewish-British violence | | | | | |Lehi, Abraham Stern, Lord Moyne, Irgun | | | | | |violence | | | | | | | | | | |World War Two | | | | | |30,000 Jews in Palestine joined the | | | | | |British army | | | | | The creation of the state of Israel and its impact Conflict |Causes of conflict |Presence and influence of other actors and |Changing Arab-Israeli relationships |Proposed solutions | | | |international events | | | |Irgun and Lehi |British immigration limits |Presi dent Truman |Propaganda – Ben Gurion and the Jewish Agency |UN voted in November 1947 to partition | |From 1946, the Irgun and the Lehi began a |Despite President Truman’s declaration that |Demanded that 100,000 Jews be allowed into |continued to try to smuggle Jews into Palestine |Palestine six months from that date; | |large-scale campaign of violence against |100,000 Jews should be allowed into Palestine, |Palestine at once | |Jerusalem should be an international zone | |the British, including the blowing up of |the British fixed the limit at 1500 a month. | |Political change |under UN control; Jewish and Arab states | |the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, |This was the last straw for the Lehi and the |United Nations |On 15 May 1948, the British mandate ended and |should be linked in an economic union to | |headquarters of the British government in |Irgun; Exodus Asked to take back the mandate from Britain and |the Arab and Jewish states came into being; the |help eac h other’s trade | |Palestine, which killed 91 people | |decide the future of the country; UN Special |Jews named their state Israel and formed a | | | |UNSCOP Plan |Committee on Palestine; truce arranged on |government led by David Ben Gurion | | |Death toll |Jewish state would be larger than the Arab |11 June 1948 which allowed the Israelis to | | | |212 killings in Palestine |state; vote for partition was followed by |reorganise their army and transport the Czech |Effects of the violence | | | |violent Arab protests which soon turned into |weapons they had bought earlier in the year from|Nearly a million Palestinians left or were | | |Civil War |killings and counter-killings between Jews and |Europe; second truce lasted until October 15 |forced to leave their homes; most went to Jordan| | |Operation Dalet, Deir Yassin capture of |Arabs | |and the Gaza Strip, many went to Syria and | | |Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa; Hagganah | |Arab League |Lebanon; Arab state of Palestine ceas ed to | | |occupied most of the Arab areas of West |Purchasing of arms |Palestine turned to it for help; however, it had|exist; Palestinians became a minority people in | | |Jerusalem |Hagannah leaders went to Skoda arms firm in |only been created recently and its members were |the new state of Israel | | | |Czechoslovakia and bought a huge quantity of |divided on many issues | | |War of Liberation |armaments | |Reasons for Palestinian migration | | |The civil war of 1948 was about to turn | | |Massacre at Deir Yassin, Israeli military | | |into an international war, the first of a |Arab League assistance | |victory; Arab leaders encouraged them to leave | | |series of Arab-Israeli conflicts that has |Arab League in December 1947 declared partition | |during the conflict | | |rocked the Middle East since 1948.On 15 |illegal and gave the Palestinians 10,000 rifles;| | | | |May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, |early in 1948 it formed an Arab Liberation Army | | | | |Transjordan, Ira q and Syria entered |of 3000 volunteers to fight in partition | | | | |Palestine with the aim of helping the | | | | | |Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state |Formation of Ben Gurion government | | | | |of Israel which had been created that day;|Five neighbouring Arab countries sent armies to | | | | |Arab Legion of Transjordan had taken back |make war on Israel | | | |control of the Old City of Jerusalem; | | | | | |Israelis seized western Galilee; drove the| | | | | |Lebanese back north; Israel was left in | | | | | |control of 80% of the land | | | | | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | |Description: |Description: |Description: |Description: | |On 15 May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, |Lasted for 10 days; invasion began on |5 June 1967; Israeli initial air strike (bombed Egyptian |6 October; the Day of Atonement; Arab initial success: | |Iraq and Syria entered Palestine with the aim of helping |29 October; advanced deep into Sinai; involvement of |airfields and launched similar attacks against the other |smashed Israel’s Suez Canal defences; 80,000 Egyptians | |the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state of Israel |Britain and France; Egypt refused to evacuate Suez Canal |Arab air forces); land war (drove Egyptians out of the |crossed the canal; destroyed Israeli tanks; Syria | |which had been created that day |zone and were bombed by the British and French; UN voted |Gaza strip and Sinai; defeated Jordan within two days, |advanced into the Golan Heights and drove the Israelis | | for a ceasefire; Arab countries stopped supplying Britain|capturing the Old City of Jerusalem and the ‘West Bank’; |back into Galilee; Israel fought back: US weapons sent to| |Causes: |with oil; USA refused to support the invasion; Eden |attacked the Syrian army in the Golan Heights and this |Israel; 254,000 reservists mobilised; 14 October tank | |Establishme nt of Ben Gurion government; unhappiness with |forced to agree to a ceasefire just 24 hours after the |was over by June 10); United Nations ordered a ceasefire |battle against the Egyptians; Israel crossed into the | |the UN Partition Plan; British mandate expiring; both |first British troops had landed in Egypt; UN Emergency |which the Arab nations had to accept |Suez Canal; international pressure – USSR wanted it ended| |sides rearmed |Force moved in to police the border between Egypt and | |(feared that the Egyptians would lose); USA wanted it | | |Israel |Causes: |ended (did not want to provoke the Soviets into giving | |Effects: | |- Syria became violently anti-Israel (General Jedid’s |even more weapons to Egypt and Syria); joint ceasefire | |- Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed armistices |Causes: |takeover, attacks by Fatah guerrillas from Syria |proposed came into force on 22 October | |with Israel but no peace treaty; many Arabs have refused|- Nasser wan ted to avenge Egypt’s defeat in the 1948 war|increased) | | |to recognise Israel and have talked about destroying it;|against Israel and to return Palestine to the Arabs; |- Land dispute – Israeli tractor ploughed up some |Causes: | |many Jews arrived in Israel from existing refugee camps |increased wealth and armed strength; his reputation in |Arab-owned land close to the border and met Syrian fire. |- Sadat replaced Nasser in 1970 and he wanted to reverse| |and communities from Eastern Europe |the Arab world increased; he aimed to unite the Arabs |Israel responded by bombing Syrian guns.Israel warned |the Arab defeat of 1967 | |- Israel’s first law in 1950 was the Law of Return; |under Egyptian leadership |that it would strike back if Syria did not stop |- Egypt was more ready – asked the USSR for assistance; | |anti-Jewish riots; in Iraq, Zionism was punishable by |- 1955 arms agreement with Czechoslovakia gave Egypt |- USSR intervention (incorrectly a rgued that Israel was |plans were made for an invasion of Sinai across the Suez| |death; Arab protest at Israeli diversion of the waters |many Soviet weapons |ready to invade Syria at short notice); King Feisal of |Canal; Syria would also attack from the Golan Heights | |of River Jordan |- Support for Algerian rebels angered France – supported|Saudi Arabia and King Hussein of Jordan promised to help| | |- Need for $65 million of international aid to cope with|Arab rebels who were fighting the French in their colony|Syria |Effects: | |new humanitarian needs; change of leadership in Arab |of Algeria |- Nasser ordered UN Emergency Force to leave Egyptian |- Israeli victory: 12,000 Arabs had been killed compared| |governments: assassination of Egyptian prime minister in|- Nationalisation of Aswan Dam angered Britain – it had |territory; UN was ordered to withdraw; barred the Gulf |to 2000 Israelis | |1948; a series of military takeovers in 1949; in 1950: |been owned lar gely by British and French shareholders; |of Aqaba to Israeli ships; military pacts (Jordan and |- Oil as a weapon: OAPEC increased the price of Arab oil| |assassination of Lebanese prime minister; murder of |Nasser did this after Britain and the USA cancelled the|Egypt formed a defence pact; eight Arab states were |until Israel withdrew from Egypt and Syria | |King Abdullah of Jordan; coup in Egypt which gave |loans they had promised |poised to attack); Moshe Dayan (appointed Minister of |- USA tried to appease the Arabs | |Colonel Nasser power; Arab leaders blamed their defeat |- Increase of Fedayeen ttacks angered Israel – |Defence) decided to use attack as a form of defence |- Britain stopped supplying Israel with weapons | |on Britain and the USA and concentrated on improving |continuance of cross-border attacks; closing of the | |- EEC expressed sympathy for the Palestinians | |their economies |entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships | |- Kissinger’s propo sal: disengagement of | | | | |Israeli and Egyptian forces should happen in 1974; they | | | | |should withdraw to pre-ceasefire positions; UN army | | | | |should control the gap between them; Israel should | | | | |withdraw from Sinai and in return get American aid | Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 (cont) |War of 1948 |War of 1956 |War of 1967 |War of 1973 | | – Some of the new leaders hoped for a union of the Arab|Effects: |Effects: | | |countries; very little action taken on Palestinian |- Egypt’s military power reduced – 1000 casualties; |- Israel improved its strength and security – kept | | |refugees among all Arab countries, except Jordan; |Israel accepted as a permanent member of the |Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, and doubled| | |Fedayeen established – secret guerrilla attacks on |international community |the size of the country | | |Israeli targets; each year from 1949 to 1955, some 250 |- B ritain and France humiliated – their influence in the|- Disaster for the Arabs – 15,000 men killed; 800 tanks | | |Israelis were killed or wounded in such attacks.This |Middle East declined; had to leave Egypt empty-handed; |captured or destroyed; suffering for the Palestinians – | | |prompted Israeli attacks in retaliation, including an |failed to overthrow Nasser; failed to keep the Suez |those who had been living in the West Bank and the Gaza | | |attack on the village of Qibya in Jordan in 1953 and in |Canal open; had to introduce petrol rationing |Strip were now in occupied territories and faced heavy | | |1955 the Israelis mounted a raid on the Gaza strip after|- Israel gained security against Fedayeen attacks – |restrictions on their lives | | |a series of Fedayeen attacks on their territory; Arab |destroyed their bases; UN took over Sharm el-Sheikh and |- Strength of Fatah – Turned to Fatah rather than other | | |boycott of Israeli trade â €“ Israeli ships could not use |Gaza; emergence of Palestine Liberation Organisation |Arab states – Fatah increased their weapons; Battle of | | |the Suez Canal; confiscation of cargo from Israeli |- Nasser’s reputation in the Arab world increased – |Karameh; Arafat became leader; continual fighting | | |ships which called at Arab ports; Israel was in a |pro-western governments in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq |between Egypt and Israel; support from USSR; 1970 | | |permanent state of tension |turned against France and Britain; hopes for United Arab|ceasefire; Guerrilla warfare (PFLP, Dawson’s Field | | | |League were soon dashed hijackings), Black September Organisation assassinated | | | | |the Prime Minister of Jordan, kidnapped and later | | | | |murdered eleven Israeli athletes taking part in the | | | | |Munich Olympic Games; failed diplomatic effort – UN | | | | |Resolution 242 | |Arab nationalism in the 1980s and 1990s, and divisions in the A rab world |Divisions in the Arab world |Conflict | |President Sadat |Direct conflict between Israel and Lebanon | |Sadat’s initiative: recognised Israel’s existence; Camp David Agreement of 1978; Washington Treaty 1979; caused |26,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon in response to a bus hijack; PLO continued their attacks undeterred by the UN| |fury in the Arab world; President Sadat was murdered by angry Egyptian soldiers |or the Christian militia leader, Major Haddad; June 1982 – 172,000 Israeli soldiers invaded Lebanon; UN let them | | |pass; forced the PLO out of Beirut; PLO went to Algeria and Iraq. Defeat for Israel – assassination of pro-Israeli | |Lebanon |Maronite President Gemayel of Lebanon; Sabra-Chatila massacre turned public opinion in Israel against the war; | |Sunnis, Shi’ites, Druzes; Christians-Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics; conflict between Maronites and |Defence Minister Ariel Sharon resigned; Israel had to withdra w from Beirut; met with suicide bombs from fanatical | |SunniMuslims; refugee problem |Shi’ites | | | | |PLO in Lebanon |PLO attacks | |Muslims in Lebanese government supported the PLO whilst the Maronites condemned them; full-scale civil war between |By 1986, PLO guerrillas were back in south Lebanon and making cross-border attacks on Israel; splinter groups came | |Phalangist Militia and Tiger Militia and Shi’ite and Druze Muslims; Syria invaded Lebanon on the side of the |into being; Palestine Liberal Front hijacked a cruise ship and the Abu Nidal group hijacked an Egyptian airliner | |Christians and then killed Christians | | | |Internationalisation of conflict | |Civil war between terrorist groups in Lebanon |Terror campaign was spread in places like Britain and France; in 1986 an American soldier was killed by a terrorist| |Islamic Jihad Organisation; Hezbollah; Arab Red Knights; Black Brigades; civil war involved taking of hostages |bomb in West Berlin; US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi | | | | |Rise of Hamas from Fatah |Political dissension within Israel | |Following on from this, Hamas and other militant organisations rose to power and shook the foundations of the |Peres – talks in Morocco and Egypt; Taba; Yitzchak Shamir – no negotiation with the Arabs over the West Bank; | |authority which Fatah under Arafat had established. However, Arafat remained in his position until a month before |Jewish settlers continued to build new settlements there; Likud talked of extreme solutions such as the nnexation | |his death in 2004 |of the occupied territories | | | | | |Intifada | | |On 9 December 1987 an Israeli army patrol shot two attackers; uprising soon followed; strikes and economic | | |boycotts; refused to work for Israeli employers; Israel’s response – ‘iron fist’ | | | | | |Arafat’s change of tactics | | |Renounced terrorism; proclamation of independent state of Palestine; soug ht to negotiate a settlement with Israel; | | |USA entered into talks with the PLO; the Oslo Accords of 1993, agreed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and | | |PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, granted the Palestinians the right to self-government in the Gaza Strip and the city of| | |Jericho in the West Bank, through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO had used negotiating tools to | | |get as close to their stated aims as was realistically possible, but this by no means marked the end of the | | |conflict, as the Second Intifada, with repeated suicide bombings, took place in 2000–04 | Sources |Lowe, N. Mastering Modern World History (3rd edition, Macmillan Masters, 997) | |BBC series, Cold War, written by Jeremy Isaac and Taylor Downing, published by Transworld in 1998 | |Hunter, R. E. The Six Day War (Purnell’s History of the 20th century, Vol. 6, Chapter 94, BBC, 1969) | |Kyle, K. Suez: Britain’s End of Empire in the Middle East (I. B. Taur is, 2003) | |Mandle, B. Conflict in the Promised Land (Heinemann, 1976) | |Mansfield, P. A History of the Middle East (Penguin, 2003) | |Perkins, S. J.The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Nelson Thornes, 1991) | |Regan, G. Israel and the Arabs (Cambridge University Press, 1993) | |Scott-Baumann, M. Conflict in the Middle East: Israel and the Arabs (Hodder Murray, 2007) | Processes (Part A) |Assess the impact of British intervention 1914–21 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | |Assess the impact of Britain, Egypt and Suez 1945–56 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | |Assess the impact of the Cold War 1956–73 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. |Assess the impact of the United Nations and the Gulf War 1990–91 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. | The role of individuals (Part A) |What was the short-term significance of David Ben Gurion? | |What was the short-term significance of C olonel Abdel Nasser? | |What was the short-term significance of Yasser Arafat? | |What was the short-term significance of Saddam Hussein? | Key events (Part A) |What was the short-term significance of the creation of the state of Israel, 1948? | |What was the short-term significance of the war of Yom Kippur, 1973? | |What was the short-term significance of the Iranian Revolution, 1979? | |What was the short-term significance of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, 1995? | Processes (Part B) How significant was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was the existence of Israeli-Arab wars as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was the promotion of proposed solutions as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | |How significant was Israeli migration as an influence o n the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? | The role of individuals (Part B) |Assess the significance of the role of individuals in affecting Israeli-Arab relations in the years 1900–2001. | Key events (Part B) To what extent do you consider the Balfour Declaration to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the 1948 Civil War in Palestine to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the founding of the Palestine Liberation Organisation to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? | |To what extent do you consider the death of President Nasser to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? |